职称英语理工类新增文章.docx

1、职称英语理工类新增文章2015年职称英语理工类新增文章发布时间：2015-02-27 18:00:58 2015年职称英语教材已全面上市，第一考试网为大家整理了职称英语教材理工类变化信息，希望能对大家的备考有所帮助，祝大家考试顺利！ 2015年职称英语教材理工类的变动比较小，一共只有5篇新增文章。2015年职称英语教材理工类新增的5篇文章，分布在阅读理解和补全短文：阅读理解理工C和理工B各新增一篇文章；补全短文理工A、B和C各新增一篇文章。完形填空理工类整体都没有新增文章。2015年职称英语教材新增文章的对比目录如下：理工类旧文章新增文章理工C阅读理解第九篇：Egypt Felled by F

2、amine第九篇：An Essential Scientific Process补全短文第五篇：The Magic of Sound第五篇：A Record-Breaking Rover理工B阅读理解第二十二篇：Snowflakes第二十二篇：Real-World Robots补全短文第九篇： Heat Is Killer第九篇：Lightening Strikes理工A补全短文第十三篇：Sleeping Giant第十三篇：Affectionate Androids第九篇 An Essential Scientific ProcessAll life on the earth depends

3、 upon green plants. Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon the plants. They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But thats not all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces m

4、ore oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live.The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. The

5、 carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are th

6、e molecules that trap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose.Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in thro

7、ugh its roots escapes through the stomata. During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed. The stomata of most plants close. Water loss stops.If photosynthesis ceased, there woul

8、d be little food or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. The earths atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet.词汇：nutrient n.营养物organism n.生物体，有机体carbon dioxide n.二氧化碳chloroplast n.叶绿体molecule n.分子vapor n.水蒸气oxygen n.氧气

9、photosynthesis n.光合作用chlorophyll n.叶绿素glucose n.葡萄糖cease v.停止注释：1. Then animals feed upon the plants.动物以植物为食。练习：1. In the first paragraph，the word “excess” meansA. heavy.B. extra.C. green.D. liquid.2. Which of the following does not move through a plants stomata?A. Carbon dioxide.B. Water vapor.C. O

10、xygen.D. Food.3. In the title, the term Essential Scientific Process refers toA. photosynthesis.B. the formation of glucose.C. global warming.D. water getting to the roots of plants.4. This passage is primarily developed byA. explaining a process.B. telling a story.C. comparing and contrasting.D. co

11、nvincing the reader of plants importance.5. Another good title for this passage would beA. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide.B. Plants and Their Roots.C. How Photosynthesis Works.D. Why Our Earth Needs Water.答案与题解：1.B前文讲到，植物产生的氧气一部分被植物自身消耗了，但植物消耗的氧气量远小于它们产生的氧气，因此可以推测这句话的意思应该是剩余的氧气对于动物以及其他生物体的生存是至关重要的。excess

12、在句中的意思是“超额的”，与extra“额外的”意思相近。2.D从第三段的第一、二句得知，二氧化碳、氧气和水蒸气都能从气孔中通过，唯一一个没有提到的是food“养分、食物”，因此该题选D项。3.A文章通篇都在讲Photosynthesis，即光合作頌钠作用和重要性，文章结尾又重申了Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet，因此选A项。B项是光合作用的一个部分，C、D项则毫不相干。4.A文章先是介绍了进行光合作用所需的原料和组织，又介绍了光合作用的过程，因此整个逻辑应该是解释过程，而不是讲故事或比较对比。D项是“向读者说明植物的重要性”

13、，这确实是文章的一个目的，但不是文章的组织方式。5.C文章的主题是光合作用的基本原理，因此选项C。A、B项在文中有提及，但不是主旨，D项与本文无关。第五篇 A Record-Breaking RoverNASAs Mars rover Opportunity has boldly gone where no rover has gone beforeat least in terms of distance. _1_On July 27, after years of moving about on Martian ground, the golf-cart-sized Opportunity

14、 had driven more than 24 miles, beating the previous record holdera Soviet rover sent to the moon in 1973.“This is so remarkable considering Opportunity was intended to drive about 1 kilometer and was never designed for distance,” says John Callas, the Mars Exploration Rover Project Manager._2_ “But

15、 what is really importantly is not how many miles the rover has racked up, but how much exploration and discovery we have accomplished over that distance.”OPPORTUNITYThe solar-powered Opportunity and its twin rover, Spirit, landed on Mars 10 years ago on a mission expected to last 3 months. _3_Spiri

16、t stopped communicating with Earth in March 2010, a few months after it got stuck in a sand pit. But Opportunity has continued to collect and analyze Martian soil and rocks.During its mission, Opportunity has captured, and sent back to Earth, some 187,000 panoramic and microscopic images of Mars wit

17、h its cameras. _4_MARATHON ROVERThe rover doesnt seem to be ready to stop just yet. If Opportunity can continue on, it will reach another major investigation site when its odometer hits 26.2 miles. _5_Researchers believe that clay minerals exposed near Marathon Valley could hold clues to Marss ancie

18、nt environment1. Opportunitys continuing travels will also help researchers as they plan for an eventual human mission to the Red Planet.词汇：Mars rover n. 火星车panoramic adj. 全景的odometer n. 里程计rack up v. 积累microscopic adj. 微观的注释：1.could hold clues to Marss ancient environment：含有与火星早期环境有关的线索。练习：A. It ha

19、s also provided scientists with data on the planets atmosphere, soil, rocks, and terrain.B. He works at NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.C. Scientists call this site Marathon Valley, because when the rover reaches the area, it will have traveled the same distance as the length

20、 of a marathon since its arrival on Mars.D. Opportunity has been working on Mars since January 2004.E. The objective of the rovers was to help scientists learn more about the planet and to search for signs of life，such as the possible presence of water.F. Since arriving on the Red Planet in 2004, Op

21、portunity has traveled 25.01 miles, more than any other wheeled vehicle has on another world.答案与题解：1.F前文讲“机遇号”在距离上比之前的任何漫游车行进的距离都长，因此接下来应该讨论关于行进距离的问题。2.B前文引入了一个新人物John Callas，而后文是他说的一些话，因此这里应该填写的内容是对这个人的进一步介绍。3.E前文讲了同时被送入太空的两台漫游车“机遇号”和“勇气号”，因此下文应该对它们的情况进行介绍，而关于发射目的的介绍在这里是合适的。4.A前文讲到“机遇号”给地面传回了许多照片，而

22、选项A中讲到它还给地面传回了许多其他信息，在这里是一致的。5.C前文讲漫游车在行进到26.2英里的时候会到达一个地点，而后文提到了马拉松谷这个地方，因此这里应该是关于这个地点的介绍。第二十二篇 Real World RobotsWhen you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a

23、monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by

24、humans. Todays robot is more than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again. A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligencethat is, a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as reaso

25、ning, drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience.A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate. A robot even has limbs

26、that swivel and move in combination with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings1, a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the robots base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeter as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope or a pendulum inside

27、it senses the vertical differential. To determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object，the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer, which then anal

28、yzes the information and corrects or adjusts the robots actions. As science and technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions and use of artificial-intelligence programs.词汇：envision v. 想象，预想device n. 装置accentuate v. 强调，重读artificial intelligence n. 人工智能limb n. 臂antennae n. 天线inclin

29、e v. 倾斜pendulum n. 钟摆ultrasonic adj. 超声的metallic adj. 金属的monotone n. 单调的humanoid adj. 像人的axle n. 轮轴rotate v. 旋转swivel n. 旋转teeter v. 摇晃gyroscope n. 陀螺仪，回转仪vertical n. 直立的注释：1.To find its way in its surroundings.：为了在周围找到路2.the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstruct

30、ions in its path：机器人发射激光束和超声波，反射到障碍物上(以此来探知路径)。练习：1. Another good title for this passage would beA. Robots: Taking the Place of Humans.B. Artificial Intelligence Programs.C. Todays Robots and How They Function.D. Modern-Day Sensors.2. Artificial intelligence isA. the unnatural way in which robots mo

31、ve.B. a voiceless, box-shaped machine that performs repetitive tasks.C. sensors such as antennae and a gyroscope.D. a computer program that imitates human intellectual processes.3. The last paragraph suggests that future robots will beA. more humanlike in behavior and actions.B. more like automatic machines.C. better able to move on inclin