测绘相关外文翻译.docx

1、测绘相关外文翻译附录三 论文相关外文翻译The Summarizing of the Global Positioning SystemAbstractGlobal Positioning System is based on the background of the United States Department of Defense. It is designed, invested, developed, and operated by the United States Department of Defense, GPS is a satellite-based position

2、ing and time transferring GPS positioning function has a wide range of applications in the modern measuring and a more modern building. GPS-RTK technology is also widely used in modernization building, and now GPS has also been shown to be an interest of an important civilian communities, and increa

3、singly wide range of application.Keyword: GPS Locating RTK Lay out Survey1 BackgroundThe 50s, the former U.S.S.R has not launched humanities first artificial earth satellite, the American scientists in along its track research in, had discovered the Doppler shift phenomenon, and has facilitated Dopp

4、ler satellite navigation positioning system completing using this principle, has obtained the enormous success in the military and the civil aspect, was in a navigation localization history leap, our country once has also introduced many Doppler receiver, applied to the island association measured,

5、the Earth explored and so on the domain. But because Doppler satellite orbit highly low, signal-carrier frequency low, the track precision enhances with difficulty, causes the pointing accuracy lowly, satisfies the geodetic survey or the project survey request, is more impossible to use in the astro

6、nomy Earth dynamics research. In order to enhance the satellite positioning the precision, US started from 1973 to prepare for construction global positioning system GPS (Global Positioning System).After has entered the plan proof, the system test stage, started in 1989 to launch the official work s

7、atellite, and completely completed in 1994, investment use. The GPS system space artificially is composed by twenty one satellites, evenly distributes in six orbit, the ground level is 20,000 Kilometers, the inclination of orbit is 55, the flat heart rate approximately is 0, the week contract is 12

8、hours, the satellite to the earth launching two wave bands intelligence signals, the intelligence signal frequency respectively is 1575.442 mega cycles per second (the L2 wave band), on the satellite has installed the precision very high atomic clock, guarantees the frequency the stability, modulate

9、s in the carrier has the expression satellite position the broadcast star experience, use in the range finder C/A code and P yard, as well ad other system information, can in the global scope, to willfully multi-user provide the high accuracy, all-weather, is continual, real-time three dimensional m

10、easures fast, the three dimensional localization and the time service.The GPS system control section by is located in the American foundations of the states 5 monitoring stations to be composed, these stand did not ask breaks Carries on the observation to GPS satellite, and will calculate and the fo

11、recast information by the infusion stands renews to the satellite information. The GPS system user is extremely covert, it is one kind of one-way system, the user only receives but does not need the transmitting message, and therefore users quantity also is not limited. The GPS is the unification st

12、arts is, but very quantity also is not limited. The GPS receiver and processing software emerge in abundance. At present the receiver which appears in the Chinese market mainly has ROGUE, ASHTECH, TRIMBLE, LEICA, SOKKIA,TOPCON and so on. Can carry on the observation to two frequencies the receiver t

13、o be called the double frequency receiver, only can carryon the observation to a frequency the receiver to become the inference. Says regarding the mapping user, GPS has caused the revolutionary change in the mapping domain, at present, in the scope several thousand kilometers controls network, in t

14、he precision from hundred to the millimeter level localization, generally all GPS took the first choice method, is day by day mature along with the RTK technology, GPS started to decimeter and even a centimeter level layout, domain seepage and so on high accuracy dynamic localization. The internatio

15、nal GPS geodetic survey served IGS with Earth dynamics from 1992, has established many data storage and the processing center in the whole world, year to year observed a station with hundred, our country has also set up Shanghai Yu Shan, Wuhan, Xian, Taiwan and so on many year to year measuring plat

16、forms station, these stations observation data passed on every day through the internet net to US S data storage center, IGS also nearly real-time synthesizes various data processing center the result, and the participant international earth rotation served the IERS global coordinates reference syst

17、em maintenance and the earth rotation parameter issue. The user also may free on-line obtain product and so on observation data and precise star experience from internet.The GPS system real-time navigation pointing is very high, US has implemented the so-called SA policy in 1992, namely reduces the

18、broad cast star to undergo the star position precision, reduces the star clock to change the positive number the precision, adds on the high frequency vibration to the satellite datum frequency (to cause false distance measuring accuracy to reduce with phase ), latter has implemented the A-S policy,

19、 soon P yard change is Y yard namely further limits to the precise false distance survey, but American military and special permission user not these polices influences, but US in order to obtain the bigger commercial interest, these policy ends are cancelled.2 GPS localization principalThe GPS rece

20、iver may receive and use in the time service accurately to the nanosecond level time information; will use in to forecast the future for several months the satellite to locate the summary position forecast star experience; Uses in calculates when the localization to need the satellite coordinates th

21、e broadcast star experience, the precision is (each satellite is different several meter to several dozens meters changes as necessary); As well as GPS system information, like satellite condition and so on. The GPS receiver may obtain the satellite sign to the code to the receiver distance, because

22、 includes the receiver satellite clock the error and the atmosphere propagated error, therefore is called the false distance. The false distance obtains which to the OA code is called the UA code false distance, the precision approximately is about 20 meters, obtains the false distance to P yard to

23、be called P yard false distance, the precision approximately is about 2 meters. The GPS receiver to the satellite signal which receives, carries on the decoding or uses other technologies, will modulate after the carrier the information removes, will be allowed to restore the carrier. Strict says, t

24、he carrier phase should be called the carrier beat frequency phase, it is receives produces the Doppler shift influence satellite signal carrier phase and receiver this machine vibration difference of the signal phase. Generally experience Yuan time which determined in the receiver clock surveyed, m

25、aintains to the satellite signal track under, may record the phase change value, but starts time the observation receiver and the satellite oscillator phase change value is does not know, namely misty degree of whole week, only can calculate in the data processing as the parameter solution. Phase ob

26、servation value precision high to millimeter, but the premise is solves misty degree of whole week, therefore only has when the relative localization, and has a section continuously observes the value can use the phase observation value, but must achieve meters down to the millimeter level also only

27、 to be able to use the phase observation value.According to the locate mode, the GPS localization divides into the simple point localization and the relative localization (difference localization). The simple point localization is according to a receiver observation data determined the receiver posi

28、tion the way, it only can use the false distance view survey, may use in Chef Chuan and so on the summary navigation localization. The relative localization (difference localization) is according to two above receivers observation data determined between the observation point the relative position m

29、ethod, it already may use the false distance view survey also to be possible to use the phase view survey, the geodetic surveyor the project survey should use the phase observation value to carryon the relative localization. Has contained the satellite and receiver Zhong Chai, the atmospheric dissem

30、ination in the GPS view survey retards, error and so on multipart effect, when localization error the influence, when carries on the relative localization the majority of public errors are counterbalanced or weaken, therefore the pointing accuracy greatly will enhance, the double frequency receiver

31、will be allowed to act according to two frequencies in the view survey counterbalance atmosphere the ionosphere-path error main part, will request high in the precision, between the receiver the distance wi11 be farther when (atmosphere will have obvious difference), will be supposed to select the d

32、ouble frequency receiver.When localization observation, if the receiver is opposite to the earths surface movement, then is called the dynamic localization, like uses in summary navigation localization the and so on Chef Chuan precision is 30-100 meter false distance simple point localization, eithe

33、r uses in the city vehicles navigation localization rice level precision false distance difference localization(RTK), the real-time difference localization needs the data chain real-time transmits two or many stations observation data calculates together. When localization observation, if the receiver is opposite to the earths surface static, then is called th