英语语法讲解.docx

1、英语语法讲解时态 P1语态 P9虚拟语气 P11倒装 P22从句 P26强调 P43一致 P44非谓语动词 P55比较级 P87最高级 P89情态动词 P91并列 P94省略 P94反意疑问句 P96时 态(tense)一般现在时通常表示习惯动作、一般状态、客观规律和永恒真理。He always gets up late on Sundays. 星期天他总是起得挺晚的。He lives on a lonely island in the Pacific Ocean. 他住在太平洋一个荒无人烟的岛上。The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

2、太阳东起西落。It seldom snows here. 这里很少下雪。It all depends. 要看具体情况而定。Vegetables cost a lot at this time of the year. 这个季节蔬菜很贵。Actions speak louder than words. 行动胜于语言。在以as soon as, when, after 等引导的时间状语从句中，或者以if, unless 引导的条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时：I will ring you as soon as he comes back. 他一回来我就给你打电话。You will

3、succeed if you try your best. 只要你尽最大努力，就一定能成功。After she goes we shall eat. 她走后我们就吃饭。Unless you study harder you will never pass the examination. 除非努力学习，否则考试就及不了格。现在进行时表示说话时正在进行的动作，也可以表示目前一段时间内正在进行的动作，表示后一种情况时动作不一定正在进行。Steve is studying Chinese in Beijing. 斯蒂夫在北京学汉语。并非所有的动词都有进行时，有些表示状态和感觉的动词通常没有进行时，除

4、非这类动词的词义发生变化。这类动词有be, love, like, hate, believe, think, feel, seem.Do you see anyone over there? 你看到那边有什么人了吗？What do you think of it? 你觉得这个怎么样？Are you seeing someone off? 你是不是在给什么人送行？现在进行时也可以表示将来的动作，它指按人们的计划、安排将要发生的动作或指即将开始的动作，主要用于go, come, stay, leave, start 等等表示移动的动词。Im leaving for Beijing tomorro

5、w. 明天我要动身去北京。We are leaving on Friday. 我们星期五动身。Are you going anywhere tomorrow? 明天你出去吗？Are you staying here till next week? 你要呆到下星期吗？How many of you are coming to the party? 你们有多少人要来参加晚会？现在进行时也可以用来给习惯性的动作加上赞赏或讨厌等感情色彩：She is always cooking some delicious food for her family. 她总是给家人做出美味可口的饭菜。He is alw

6、ays finding fault with his employees. 他对顾员总是鸡蛋里挑骨头。He is always leaving things about. 他总是把东西乱扔乱放。He is always boasting. 他总爱吹牛。现在完成时表示目前已经完成的动作，或刚刚完成的动作，也可以表示从过去某一刻发生，现在仍然延续着的动作或情况。这个时态强调动作对现在的影响。The conference has lasted for five days. 会议已经开了五天。He has just bought an unusual car. 他刚刚买到一辆不一般的小轿车。当句子中出

7、现表示到现在为止这段时间的状语时，谓语动词一般用现在完成时: 这类状语有：up to now, up till now, so far, these days, this summer, for 后面接一段时间的短语或 since 等:We havent seen each other again since we graduated in 1987. 1987年毕业后我们就一直没见面。Up till now we have established ten projects. 到目前为止我们共上了十个项目。So far they have only learned the first thre

8、e chapters. 到现在为止他们只学了前三章。We havent had much rain this summer. 今年夏天没下多少雨。一般过去时一般过去时表示过去某个特定时间发生，并且一下子就完成了的动作，也可以表示过去习惯性的动作。一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响，只说明过去。I had a word with Julia this morning.今天早晨，我跟朱丽亚说了几句话。He smoked many cigarettes a day until he gave up. 他没有戒烟的那阵子，烟抽得可凶了。一般过去时常与表示过去的时间状语或从句连用，如：yesterday,

9、 last week, in 1993, at that time, once, during the war, before, a few days ago, when 等等。句子中谓语动词是用一般过去时还是用现在完成时，取决于动作是否对现在有影响。Have you had your lunch? 你吃过午饭了吗？（意思是说你现在不饿吗？）Yes, I have. 是的，我已经吃过了。（意思是说已经吃饱了，不想再吃了。）When did you have it? 你是什么时候吃的？（关心的是吃的动作发生在何时。） I had it about ten minutes ago. 我是大约十分钟

10、以前吃的。Used to do sth 表示过去常做而现在已经停止了的习惯动作。I used to work fourteen hours a day. 过去常常一天干十四个钟头。过去进行时表示过去某时正在发生的动作：I was reading a novel last night. 昨天晚上我在看小说。 (意思是说可能没有看完)I read a novel last night. 昨天晚上我看了一本小说。(意思是已经看完了)过去进行时还可以表示过去某段时间内正在发生反复发生的动作。Bill was coughing all night long. 比尔整夜地咳嗽。过去完成时：表示过去某时之前

11、已经完成的动作或状态，在时间上它属于过去的过去。在句子中常有明显的参照动作或有表示到过去某时为止的时间状语。By the end of the war the small workshop had become a large factory.到战争结束的时候小作坊已经发展成一家大工厂。They found that a stream had formed in the field. 他们发现在田地里形成了一条小溪流。Up till then I had only covered half the distance. 那时我才走了一半的路程。They fulfilled the plan ea

12、rlier than they had expected. 他们完成计划比预料得要早。I suddenly remembered that I hadnt locked the door. 我忽然想起来没有锁门。hope, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose和want 这类动词的过去完成时态用来表示过去的希望、期待、意图、愿望等没有能够实现：I had intended to call on you, but was prevented from doing so. 我本来想去看你，可是因为有事，没能去成。She had thought of paying

13、 us a visit, but the bad weather made her change her plans. 她原来想来看看我们，可是恶劣的天气使她改变了计划。They had wanted to help, but couldnt get there in time. 他们原本是要来帮忙的，可来不及赶到这儿。I hadnt for a minute expected that I should get the first prize. 我一点也没有预料到我会获得一等奖。一般将来时表示某个将来时间会发生的动作或情况，也可以表示将来反复发生的动作或习惯性的动作。He will take

14、 part in an important race across the Atlantic. 他要参加一项非常重要的横跨大西洋的航海比赛。The students will have five English classes per week this term. 这个学期学生们每星期会有五节英语课。To be going to do sth 也可以表示将来要发生的事情或准备做的事情。一般说来有两种用法，第一是打算、准备做某事。How are you going to spend your holidays? 假期你准备怎么过？To be going to do sth 还可以表示即将或肯定

15、要发生的事情：I think it is going to rain. 我看要下雨了。There is going to be a lot of trouble about this. 这事肯定有很多麻烦。To be to do sth 1表示按计划安排要发生的事：When is the plant to go into production? 这个工厂计划什么时候投产？2用来征求别人的意见：When are they to hand in their homework? 他们的作业什么时候交上来？To be about to do sth 表示即将发生某事，常常译为“就要”：We are a

16、bout to leave. 我们就要走了。Go, come, leave, start, stay, 这些词的现在进行时形式可以表示将来的动作，也就是说它可以错时段来使用：He is coming to see you tomorrow. 他明天要来看你。They are going to the park this coming Sunday. 这个星期天他们要去公园。That day he said he was coming. That day he said he would come.那天他曾经说过他要来。将来进行时表示将来某时将正在发生或持续的动作。I will be readi

17、ng this time tomorrow. 明天的这个时候我会正在读书的.Most of the young people in the town will be meeting them at the station tomorrow. 明天这个镇里的大多数年轻人会到车站迎接他们.将来完成时表示将来某时前已完成的动作，它也可以用来表示推测。They will have stayed here for five months next week. 到下星期他们在这儿就会呆满五个月了.By the end of next month, they will have studied 20 pas

18、sages. 到下个月的月末他们会学完20篇短文。现在完成进行时表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作。此动作或情况可能已停止，也可能继续下去。它也可以表示刚刚结束的动作。I have been waiting for an hour but she still hasnt come. 我已经等了一个小时了，他还没来。How long has it been raining? 雨下了多久了？We have just been talking about you. 我们正在谈论你来着。I have been hoping Id have a chance to see the film. 我一直

19、盼着有机会看这部片子。She has been sitting there all afternoon. 她在那坐了一个下午了。现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别在于，前者一般表示已经结束的动作或情况，它强调对现在的影响，后者一般表示仍在进行或刚刚还在进行的动作或情况，它强调动作的延续性。I have thought it over. 我已经考虑过这件事了。I have been thinking it over. 我一直在考虑这件事。Be careful! Peter has been painting the car. 注意！彼得刚才还在给这部车上油漆呢。(指油漆还没有干。)I have w

20、ritten an article. 我已经写完了一篇文章了。I have been writing an article. 我一直在写一篇文章。（现在还在写）过去完成进行时由had been + 现在分词构成，主要表示过去某时以前一直在进行的一个动作，It had been raining for two days. The fields were all under water. 一直下了两天雨，地全都淹了。At last they got the telegram they had been expecting. 最后他们收到了期盼已久的电报。语 态 (voice)被动语态常用于下列几种

21、情况：1 动作的执行者无需指出或不明确时Printing was introduced into Europe from China. 印刷术是从中国传到欧洲的。Rome was not built in a day. 罗马城可不是一天建成的。2 为了强调动作的承受者Four people were killed and thirty-one injured in the bomb attack.在炸弹袭击事件中，四个人死亡，三十一个人受了伤，Susan was singled out for praise yesterday.苏珊昨天受到了表扬。Fortunately history is

22、written by the people. 好在历史是由人民写成的。3 为了修辞的需要Yesterday he visited our university and was welcomed by the President. 昨天他参观了我们大学，受到了校长的欢迎。除及物动词外，一些相当于及物动词的短语动词也使用被动语态，除个别情况外短语动词不可拆开使用。This matter will be dealt with as soon as possible. 此事将会尽快予以解决。Such a thing has never been heard of before. 这种事闻所未闻。The

23、 children are well taken care of. 孩子们受到了很好的照顾。不及物动词（或相当于一个不及物动词的短语动词）和表示状态的动词（或短语动词）无被动语态形式，如：happen, rise, occur, take place, break out (爆发)等，以及lack, fit, suit, equal, become, resemble, befall（降临）, consist of, look like 等。The story took place in 1949. 这个故事发生在1949年。The May Fourth Movement broke out

24、in Beijing in 1919. 五四运动于1919年爆发于北京。The whole plan has to be revised. 整个计划都得修改。将主动语态改为被动语态时，如遇到动词后跟双宾语的情况，我们只能将其中之一变成主语，另一个保持不变。当直接宾语变成主语时，保持在原位的间接宾语前需加介词toShe gave her husband a tie as the birthday present.Her husband was given a tie as a birthday present.A tie was given to her husband as a birthda

25、y present.她送给她的丈夫一条领带作为生日礼品。虚 拟 语 气 (subjunctive mood)首先，请区别真实条件句和虚拟条件句。真实条件句 (Sentences of Real Condition) ：If he has time, he will come. 如果有时间他会来的。If you havent finished your composition, you can hand it in tomorrow. 如果作文还没有写完，可以明天交。如果是纯然假设的情况，或者发生的可能性不大，则要用虚拟条件句。虚拟条件句 (Sentences of Unreal Conditi

26、on):If 从句主句与现在事实相反动词的过去式(be 为were)Would(should) + 动词原形与过去事实相反动词的过去完成式Would(should, could, might) + have + 动词的过去分词与将来事实相反1 动词的过去式（be 为were）2 Were + 不定式3 Should + 动词原形Would(should, could, might) + 动词原形与现在事实相反：I would certainly go if I had time. 要是有时间我一定去。（但是现在没有时间）If he were here, everything would be

27、all right. 要是他在这儿，就不会有任何问题了。If it werent raining, we wouldnt stay indoors. 要是现在不下雨，我们就不会呆在屋里了。在第一人称后，主句有时也用should, 但美国人都用would:If he were here with us, we should feel much better. (英式用法)If he were here with us, we would feel much better. （美式用法）如果他和我们在一起，我们会感到好得多了。在与现在事实相反的虚拟句当中，主句的谓语除了用 would 构成外，有时

28、还用 might, 或 could:If he were here, he might be able to help. 要是他在这儿，也许能帮上忙。If we had the manpower, we could open up even more land. 如果有人手，我们能开更多的荒地。与过去事实相反：If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train. 我要是早点动身，就赶上火车了。If I hadnt taken your advice, I would have made a bad mistake. 要不是

29、听了你的劝告，我就犯大错误了。She would have come, if she hadnt been so busy. 要不是忙，她就来了。与将来事实相反：If I had enough money tomorrow, I would buy a plane.If I should have enough money tomorrow, I would buy a plane.If I were to have enough money tomorrow, I would buy a plane. 要是明天有足够的钱，我会买架飞机。混合虚拟式，或交错虚拟式：有时，从句的动词所表示的动作和

30、主句的动词所表示的动作不一致，这时就要使用混合虚拟式。If I had taken my raincoat when I came out this morning, I would not be wet now. 要是今天早晨出门时带了雨衣，现在就不会被雨淋湿了。If I were you, I wouldnt have missed the film last night. 要是我呀，就不会错过昨天晚上的那场电影了。引导虚拟条件句的if 在书面体中可以省略，那么were, had, should 等非行为动词这时应提到从句的句首：Had we made adequate preparati

31、ons, we might have succeeded. 经是准备充分的话，我们是会取得成功的。Should there be a flood, what should we do? 万一发生水灾，我们可怎么办？Were it not for their assistance, we couldnt have got over the difficulties. 要不是有他们的协助，这些困难我们是克服不了的。含蓄虚拟句： (常用without, but for, otherwise, but that) This change could not have taken place without a solid industrial foundation. 没有坚实的工业基础，发生这些变化是不可能的。But for your help whey couldnt have succeeded. 要不是你的帮助，他们就不会取得成功。She wasnt feeling well otherwise she wouldnt have left the meeting so early.她感到不舒服，不