高中英语语法复习讲义.docx

1、高中英语语法复习讲义高中英语语法网络图一名词纵观高考试题，试题中出现的考点主要有：名词的复数形式；不可数名词的辨认；抽象名词转换成普通名词的名词一体词；名词作定语；双重所有格；名词前多个形容词排列。I. 名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II. 名词的数：名词可数与不可数及修饰词：常考的抽象名词有：advice, chalk, furniture, patience, paper, clothing, fun, power, work, oil, jewelery, homework, sugar, information,

2、 salt, knowledge, luck, weather, progress, news (word), money注意：another不能修饰不可数名词，可说another book，不可说another news。1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-

3、f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-r

4、ays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, m

5、outh-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集

6、体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表),

7、brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,

8、housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servantsIII. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, wom

9、ens rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2. s所有格的用法：表示时间todays new

10、spaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time, the plays plot7

11、某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)3. of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed四 几个容易误用的名词的单复数：1. 单复数相同：sheep, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese, means, works2

12、. 只有复数：cattle, people3. 常以复数形式出现：trousers, glasses, thanks, clothes, remains（遗物）, contents, goods, congratulations, means, sports, preparations（准备）, tears, repairs, regards, games（运动会）4. 以s结尾的学科或专有名词常作单数：politics, maths, physics, the United States, The United Nations五、几组易错名词的用法：1. many a + 单数名词 = ma

13、ny + 复数名词2. 集合名词：family, team, audience, enemy, public, group, class, government, company, police, party作主语时，若看作一个整体时，谓语动词用单数；若表示组成分子，则用复数。e.g. The police are on duty at the street corner. My family is / are going to have a long journey.3. population:1）作为“人口”的总称或“居民”的总数是不可数名词，谓语用单数。2）问“多少人口”时，不说how

14、many或how much，而用what。3）在谈到“人口比多”时，常用large，great；“人口少”时，常用small，而不用much，many或little。4）当谈及“有人口”时， 习惯上用have a population of。5）当“百分数/分数+ of the population”作主语时，谓语用复数。6）表示某个地区人口时，其前应有定冠词。7）population不能与people连用。e.g. The population in China is very large, and 80% of the population are farmers. The city ha

15、s a population of the million.六、表示“许多”的词组：1. 代替many，修饰可数名词的有：a great number of, a large number of, a good number of, a great many, many a2. 代替much，修饰不可数名词的有：a great deal of3. 既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的有：a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large / great / good quantity of, large quantities ofe.g. The teacher gav

16、e us a large number of examples.七、用定冠词加上姓氏的复数形式，表示其全家人或夫妇两人： the Smiths八、名词的双重所有格的用法：1. 只能用于指人的名词 a friend of my sisters2. 前一名词必须泛指或有this，that，those，another，some，every，several，such，any，which，what修饰或限制，或前面有数词。九、名词前多个形容词的排列顺序：描绘性+大小/新旧/年龄/温度/形式+颜色/形状+起源/出处+材料/目的分类e.g. a pretty little American girl an

17、old stone bridge a small round pine table the dirty old green coat十、名词用来作定语，修饰名词：有生命的多用s或s的所有格，无生命的多用of短语。一个名词直接做定语修饰另一个名词，往往属于固定的搭配。telephone number, school education, air pollution, research work,bus driver, coffee cup, sports meet, village people十一、表示具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事，表示变化了的词义，这一类抽象名词已完全名词化变

18、为可数名词：1. in surprise / a surprise2. with pleasure / a pleasure3. have pity on sb. / Its a pity. ( What a pity.)4. a man with experience / an experience5. light（光） / a light（灯）6. have difficulty in doing sth. / meet with many difficulties7. failure ( success )8. danger（危险） / a danger（危险物）十二、常用名词辨异：1.

19、 accident / incident:accident常指不幸的，预料不到的，突发性的意外事件，如灾祸、灾难等；还常与by连用，by accident 偶然 类似: come across, happen to do, chance to do, by chancee.g. He had met with an accident on the way. This is why he was late for the meeting. incident指不重要的小事或引起公众注意的事件；也指事变、战争等。e.g. My father told me of an incident that t

20、ook place on his first day at school.2. affair / business / matteraffair的单数形式作“事情、事件”解，复数形式作“事务、业务”解，用指国内、国际的事务。 business作“生意”“行业”，没有复数形式。matter作“事情、东西、问题”解，通常指必须考虑和处理的事情。另外：1）the matter麻烦事 2）v. 主要用于否定句、疑问句，表示“要紧，有重大关系” 3）no matter , as a matter of fact 4）matter 物质3. clothes / cloth / clothing / dre

21、ssclothes统指衣服，不能与数词连用，但可以说many（a few，those，my）clothes，说“一套衣服”可以表达为“a suit of clothes”，其后的谓语动词用复数形式。 cloth指做衣服的衣料，是不可数名词，但用于特殊用途的布，如“台布”“抹布”等是可数名词，复数形式为clothes。 clothing指衣服、服装的总称，是集合名词，没有复数形式。 一件衣服a piece of clothing / an article of clothing，不能说a suit of clothing dress指穿在外面的衣服，尤指在社交场合的衣服，可数名词。4. fun

22、/ jokefun和joke都有“开玩笑”的意思，fun是不可数名词，而joke可用做动词，表示“开玩笑”，而fun不能用作动词。同某人开玩笑：make fun of, play a joke / jokes on sb. make a joke / jokes about sb. / sth.5. e moment (that) / for the momentin a moment“一会儿后”，指从现在往后的一段时间，也可指“很短的一段时间内”。after a moment“一会儿后”，用于过去或将来的某时起往后一段时间。for a moment作一段时间解时，指“很短暂的一整段时间”。a

23、t the moment“当时”“目前”（= at this moment, then）the moment that表示“一就” for the moment暂时、目前6. pay / wage / salarypay是不可数名词，是个常用词，可替代其他两个词。salary是可数名词、不可数名词，按月、季或年发给的工资，一般指脑力劳动者的工资。wage（常用复数），一般指体力劳动者的工资，按日或星期来计算的。7. strength / force / energy / powerstrength常指固有的潜在力量，指人时，着重力气。force主要指自然界的力量，如暴力、势力、军事力量等。en

24、ergy主要指“人的精力、自然界的能量”power主要指做一件事情所依靠的能力。十三、Repeat:1. If we had followed his plan, we could have done the job better with less money and fewer people.2. Shortly after the accident, two dozen police were sent there to keep order.3. We have worked out the plan and now put it into practice.4. He is goin

25、g camping with two other little boys.5. Weve missed the last bus. Im afraid we have no choice but to take a taxi.6. He gained his wealth by printing works of famous writers.7. If by any chance someone comes to see me, ask them to leave a message.8. Youll find this map of great value in helping you t

26、o get round London.练习1. The _ of the room were covered with _. A. roofs, leafs B. roofs, leaves C. rooves, leafs D. rooves, leaves 2. There are three _ in our factory. A. woman doctors B. women doctors C. woman doctor D. women doctor 3. Which do you prefer _ or _? A. potatos, tomatos B. potatos, tom

27、atoes C. potatoes, tomatos D. potatoes, tomatoes 4. They are _ of different presses(出版社). Now they are having a meeting in one of the _ office. A. editor-in-chiefs, editors-in-chiefs B. editors-in-chief, editor-in-chiefs C. editors-in-chiefs, editors-in-chiefs D. editors-in-chief, editors-in-chiefs

28、5. The ant has two _. A. stomaches B. stomacks C. stomach D. stomachs 6. He doesnt like _ for supper. A. chick B. chicken C. chickens D. chicks 7. It was _ hot weather that many of us went swimming. A. so B. such C. so as D. such a 8. _ wonderful space they saw on the room! A. How B. How a C. What D

29、. What a 9. We know _ travels not so fast as light. A. sound B. sounds C. the sounds D. a sound 10. My family raise a lot of _, including two _. A. cattle, cows B. cows, cattle C. cattles, cows D. cow, cattles 11. A number of soldiers _ at he camp gate（军营门口）. A. have gathered B. has gathered C. is D

30、. was 12. The Browns have spent a large _ of money on their new car. A. deal B. amount C. number D. size 13. _ work has been done to improve the peoples living standard. A. Many B. A great many C. A great deal of D. A number of 14. Mr Li shook _ warmly with a friend. A. hand B. a hand C. hands D. the hands 15. Two _, please. A. coffee B. coffees C. cup of coffee D. cups coffee 16. I cant pay as _ as he asked for. A. high price a B. high price C. a high price D. high a price 17. _ knowledge of space develops rapidly. A. Mans B. Mens C. Mens D. Persons 18.I stayed at _. A.