专四语法考点梳理.docx

1、专四语法考点梳理专四语法考点梳理一：虚拟语气Section One： 概述虚拟语气类型宾语从句状语从句名词性从句（主语从句，同位语从句， 表语从句）定语从句特殊类型 （感叹句）省略if 的虚拟法 （倒装）ExamplesThe rapid change of society requires that college students adapt to the world outside campus by getting to know the societyI would rather that you did nothing for the time beingI wish that I

2、 were a student againI wished that I had followed his suggestion名词性从句中的虚拟主语从句（it is adj/pp that）同位语从句（The n that ）表语从句（n be that）省略if 的虚拟法 （倒装）（1）虚拟语气中如果从句引导词if / whether 省略，从句中需要倒装，提前助动词（系动词）或情态动词。Eg If it should rain tomorrow， we would not be able to have the sports meetingShould it rain tomorrow，

3、 we should not be able to have the sports meeting省略if 的虚拟法 （倒装）（2）Eg Whether it （may） be fine or rainy， we would have the sports meetingBe it fine or rainy， we would have the sports meetingIf she had been given more information， she could have answered the questionsHad she been given more informatio

4、n， she could have answered the questionsSection Two：虚拟语气的动词标志insist， suggest， require， request， demand， propose， prefer， maintain， move， urge， recommend， command， order等动词表建议、愿望时，其后宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。Should Vwish其后宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。虚拟语气的名词标志1“necessity”或“suggestion”等名词后面的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。2名词word 表“

5、命令”时，其后主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词需用虚拟语气 （should）V。3wish 作名词时其后主语从句，表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词需用虚拟语气（should）V。虚拟语气的形容词标志It is adj that 句型中出现形容词如necessary， important， vital， decisive， critical， crucial， urgent， strange， desirable， advisable， disappointing， 或过去分词充当的形容词如suggested， proposed， advised， demanded， requeste

6、d， required等时，that句中用should V 表示虚拟。虚拟的介词标志Butfor相当于if it had not been for。But for her help， I would have lost my wayWithout， in the absence of 等组成的短语可相当于一个虚拟的条件从句。Without the light and heat of the sun， what would become of all the animals on earth?In the absence of water， plants would not grow wellU

7、ndercondition，也可相当于一个虚拟条件从句。Under more favorable conditions， we would have made more achievements错综时间的虚拟条件状语从句中谓语动词的形式可与主句中谓语动词的形式不“配套”，即错综时间的虚拟。If he had done as I had suggested then， he wouldnt be regretful nowIf they hadnt found us then， we would still be missing on the seaIf I hadnt made suffici

8、ent preparation for the exam then， I wouldnt be in college now虚拟和事实（前虚拟后事实）标志：butEg I would have gone to the party with you， but I was too busyIf I hadnt been too busy， I would have gone to the party with you（前事实后虚拟）标志：otherwiseEg I was too busy then， otherwise I would have gone to the party with yo

9、uMore Informationwas （were） to have done （不定式完成式）表示“原来想做而未做”后面通常but（陈述语气）。Eg I was to have arrived home on time， but my car was held up by a bad traffic jamhad hoped表示过去未实现的愿望，其从句中谓语动词要用虚拟wouldV。Eg I had hoped that he would agree to lend me the money专四语法考点梳理二：反义疑问句Tag Questions 反意疑问句Detailed Points首

10、先判断是助动词还是情态动词1 Have to反意疑问句的陈述部分谓语有have to时，附加疑问句通常用助动词do。You have to study hard， dont you?I dont have to get up early， do I?They had to obey the rules and regulations of the school， didnt they?She didnt have to do it herself， did she?2 Need反意疑问句的陈述部分谓语有need时，need做情态动词，附加疑问句仍用need，need做实义动词时，附加问句用助动

11、词do。They neednt make such a loud noise， need they?He needs the money for his sons education， doesnt he?3 Had better反意疑问句的陈述部分为had better时，附加问用助动词had。You had better go at once， hadnt you?Wed better call off our appointment， hadnt we?4 Would rather反意疑问句的陈述部分为would rather时，附加问句用情态动词would。Youd rather no

12、t do it， would you?She would rather die than surrender to the enemy， wouldnt she?5 Used to反意疑问句的陈述部分为used to时，附加问句用助动词did。You used to stay up late every evening watching TV， didnt you?6 Ought to反意疑问句的陈述部分为ought to时，附加问句用助动词shouldShe ought to go by plane， shouldnt she?We ought not to laugh at othersm

13、istakes， should we?7 Must反意疑问句的陈述部分有must，附加问句分三种情况：must do mustnt 必须must be 随人称用系动词一般现在时 must have done didnt（4）must有必要needntWe must book the ticket in advance， mustnt we? （必须）She must be in the office， isnt she?（肯定）对现在事情的肯定猜测。He must have done his homework， didnt he? （肯定）对过去事情的肯定猜测。4 you must go an

14、d have a look ,neednt you?8 Wish反意疑问句的陈述部分是wish时，附加问句用情态动词may。I wish to shake hands with you， may I?人称和数1 陈述部分主语是I时，附加问句的人称分二种情况：I hope that， dont you?I cant believe it， can you?I will be 14 tomorrow， arent I?Iam interested in it， arent I?2陈述部分主语是everything、nothing、something等时看作单数，附加问句用it指代。陈述部分主语是e

15、veryone、everybody、nobody、somebody、someone、no one 、anybody、any one等时看作复数，附加问句用they指代。陈述部分主语是不定代词one时，附加问句用one指代。3Nothing is amazing there，is it?Somethingwill have to be done about the price，wont it?Nobody is leaving tomorrow，are they?Everyone hopes to get promoted，dont they?Someone left their umbrell

16、a in the bus， didnt they?One cant be too careful， can one?祈使句后面的附加问句1 祈使句后面的附加问句，分三种情况；表客气、委婉、邀请、劝诱、愿望等时，用wont you 。Have a cup of coffee， wont you?表命令、强制的要求、请求时，用will you。Do it at once， will you?否定祈使句用will you 。Dont close the door， will you?2Lets 和let us后面的附加问句，分两种情况；lets包括对方在内，用shall we 或shant we。l

17、et us不包括对方在内，用will you 或wont you。Let 后接非us之外的人称如me、him、her、them等时，附加问句用will you。3（1）Let句型lets go to the movies， shall we?let us go to the movies， will you ?let him go， will you?let me attend the farewell party， will you?（2）Therebe句型的反意疑问句Therebe句型的反意疑问句，附加问句用be there/be not there，由主语人称时态和数决定。There w

18、ont be any trouble， will there?Theres not much news in todays paper， is there?There has been much confusion since his arrival， hasnt there?（3）This/that/It is/was the third time that句型This/that/It is/was the third time that等句型中，反意主句，用it指代。This is the third time this week he has been late， isntit?It w

19、as the second time that she had been to the Great Wall， wasnt it?主从复合句1I think （suppose）宾语从句结构，附加问句反意从句分两种情况；前肯定句，后用否定句。I think that he is serious， isnt he?前有否定句，后面附加问句用肯定（I dont think）。I dont suppose that she is serious， is she?上述主从复合句主句主语是第一人称以外的人称时，反意主句。They think Mary will pass the examination，

20、dontthey?2I hope宾语从句结构，附加问句用dont you。I hope that they study hard， dont you?感叹句后的附加问句感叹句后的附加问句指人时，根据人称、数决定用什么指代。指物时，根据单复数决定，用it /they指代。What an interesting story， isnt it?What a funny man， isnt he?How silly they are， arent they?专四语法考点梳理三：倒装句Inversion 倒装带否定意义的副词置于句首时带否定意义的词置于句首时，主谓语需要倒装。Rarely does he

21、 go to the moviesNot for a moment did he doubt the truth of her honestyLittle do I know about the meaning of this proverbNever before the night had I felt the extent of my power含有否定词的介词短语在句首时含有否定词的介词短语在句首时，句子主谓倒装。这类介词短语包括：in no case， at no time， in no way， by no means， on no account， in no sense， un

22、der no circumstances， 等等。意思为“决不，在任何情况下都不。”“Only状语”置于句首时的倒装“Only状语”置于句首时，主谓语需要倒装。1） Only by practicing a lot outside class can we speak English fluently2） Only when I saw him did I remember that I promised to bring him a gift3） Only then did I know that I was wrongnot only位于句首时的倒装句首是not only且连接分句结构时，

23、引起局部（部分）倒装。Not only did we lose our money， but we were also in danger of losing our livesNot only can he sing very well， but he can also play some musical instrument very skillfullyneither，nor表示“也不”时的倒装句首是neither，nor表示“也不”时，主谓语需要倒装。I couldnt solve the problem， neither /nor could my brother I couldnt

24、 solve the problem My brother couldnt， eitherI didnt go to school， nor did Mary I didnt go to school Mary didnt， eitherso表示“也是，同样”时的倒装句首是so表示“也是，同样”时，主谓语需要倒装。Copper is a good conductor； so is silverJohn failed in the exam； so did MarkHe takes part in sports activities， so do his classmatesI have bee

25、n to the Temple of Heaven， so has she平衡倒装Therebe或其它不及物动词come，go，happen，occur，stand，exist等结构中，为避免句子头重脚轻，平衡倒装。There stands an old house that is being pulled downThere existed a hostile relationship between the two familiesThere are many hobbies involving the creativity of a personSuch/sothat句型中的倒装Such

26、/sothat句型中such名词或so形容词，副词等位于句首时，主句中主谓倒装。So badly was he injured in the accident that he had to stay in the hospital for treatmentSo excited was I that I didnt know what to say比较状语从句中的倒装than引导的比较状语从句中，主从句谓语趋向中间以达到平衡，此时从句要求主谓倒装。Nowadays， with the rapid development of science and technology， man is les

27、s limited by nature than were his forefathers/ancestors表频率的状语至于句首倒装表频率的状语至于句首，倒装。Many a time has he given us sound adviceTwice a week does he go to visit his grandparentsMore than once have we heard him make such promisesAs，though让步状语从句中倒装在以as，though引导的让步状语从句中，从句常用倒装语序，把表语或状语提前。（名，形，副， 动词）Child that

28、 he is， he can distinguish between right and wrongIntelligent as/though you are， you should be modestMuch as I admire him， I dont think he is perfectTry as she did， she failed again虚拟语气中的倒装虚拟语气中省略“if”或“whether”时的倒装。Were it left to me to choose， I prefer the latter to the formerHad it not rained so h

29、eavily， we would have visited the Summer Palace yesterdayBe we rich or poor， we should have our own dignity副词至于句首Here、there、in、out、up、down等表示方位的副词至于句首时，主谓需要倒装。Here comes the busThere they went专四语法考点梳理四：主谓一致Subject & Verb Agreement主谓一致集体名词做主语集体名词做主语时，谓语动词情况有三种有些集体名词如cattle、folk 、people 、youth 、clergy（教士）、police等常做复数看。The police have caught the murderer集体名词做主语有些集体名词（表示总称）如machinery、stationery， merchandise （商品） 、foliage，（树和植物叶子的总称）furniture ,e