TOEFL语法考点分析与真题分类.docx

1、TOEFL语法考点分析与真题分类TOEFL语法部分应试思路和考点汇编一、选择填空部分语法部分前15题是选择句子残缺成份填空，以组成完整句子的题型。这一部分侧重的是句子成份的划分和句子结构的分析，要求考生能从整个句子的角度来把握，分离出主干成分和修饰成分并判断相应的符合语态和时态的选项。因此简单来说，第一部分考的是应试者对句法的掌握程度，包括主谓宾，定状补各个部分在句子中的分布和顺序。当然，其中不可避免的也涉及了英语的一些固定搭配和表达，但这些仍然体现了考生对句子结构的把握和理解。 （一）句子结构句子基本结构指的是构成句子的基本组成部分，一般来说，主语和谓语是唯一且必不可少的句子基本成份，而宾语

2、、表语、定语、状语、补语这些成份视句子的具体结构和需要而定。这里所提的句子包括主句和从句，即主句和从句均需含有主谓的基本结构。 考点1：主语单一原则主语单一指必须有主语而且必须唯一，这一原则在主句和从句中均是适用的。考点2：谓语单一原则考点3：主谓结构（句子基本结构）考点4：宾语成份常考类型包括：及物动词后的宾语成份，介词后需加的宾语成份，某些词或词组带双宾语的固定用法。考点5：定语成份句子定语成份一般是指做句子主语和宾语成份的修饰词，一般为形容词和形容词短语，也有分词形式的定语，一般把它归为分词结构这一考点中。考点6：表语成份常考内容包括名词、形容词短语和介宾短语。考点7：状语成份常考的状语

3、成份为：介宾短语作状语，形容词短语作状语，分词短语作状语，不定式作状语等。（二）名词性从句名词性从句是指在完整的句子中以名词性质出现的从句成份，主要包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，补语从句。考点8： 主语从句 动名词/ 不定式/ 从句+谓语考点9： 宾语从句 主语+谓语+从句做宾语考点10：表语从句 主语+谓语（系动词）+表语（名词，形容词，介宾短语）（三）同位语考点11：同位语同位语是toefl语法每次必考的内容之一，一般做主语或是宾语的同位语，句子的主干已经完整，同位语作为一个插入成份作补充说明之用。一般同位语成份可分为前位同位语和后位同位语，即同位语分别在主词的前面和后面。另外也有th

4、at引导的同位从句。（四）关系词用法考点12：关系词用法关系词分为关系代词和关系副词关系代词有who/whom/whose, which, that, what关系副词有where, when, why, how等，主要引导定语从句，宾语从句，主语从句，表语从句等。a 先行词是“人”，关系代词用who, whose, whom分别表示不同的成份。b 先行词是“人”以外的事物时，用which表示主语和宾语，whose表示所有格。c 先行词在从句中的成份是状语或介词短语的宾语时，要用关系副词或介词which的结构。d that的用法that可替代关系词who, whom或which，但不能替代wh

5、ose，不能替代介词which中的which（五）连词用法考点13：连词用法两个句子之间，一般要有连接词。常见的连词有：对等连词，连接两个并列的句子：and, or, but, whereas, so, for等等连接主句和从句的连词：if, when, while, where, unless, since, until, as, because, although, as soon as, even if, even though, as if等等。（六）省略结构考点14：省略结构在状语从句中，“主语be动词”常常有省略现象，这是允许的，但必须保证两个成份同时存在或同时省略。（七）比较结构

6、考点15：比较结构比较结构常考内容为，比较级的表达，比较的对等成份，最高级冠词的应用。比较级后半部分可倒装或不倒装。（八）倒装结构考点16：倒装结构倒装是toefl必考语法点之一，一般而言，在以下几种情况下，要用倒装结构。 否定副词提前，主句倒装。如hardly, rarely, not only, not until，never，scarcely only+介词短语/副词短语作状语提前，后主句倒装。 so形容词/副词提前，后倒装。 如：So do I. 介词短语/副词短语提前，后倒装。Among them will be Debbies mother. （NCE -36） 表语提前，用倒装结

7、构 Young as she is，she is strong and brave.（九）特定句型考点17：特定句型toefl每次语法考试中，总有一些特定句型的考题。主要可归纳为以下三类：a 强调句型 it is that (who)（强调人用who，强调其他用that，不能用别的）b 虚字句型 it is to/it is thatc 应变句型 the morethe more结构the+比较级s+v, the比较级s+v, 比较级后面的主谓结构一般不倒装，且当谓语是be动词，主语非代词时，be动词可以省略。（十）固定搭配考点18: 固定搭配在英语表达中，有些词或词组有着其自身特有的用法，希

8、望引起大家的注意。 二、改错部分这一部分除了涉及选择填空部分的基于句子结构分析的句法考点外，更多的是侧重对词的考查，要求考生对词的词性，成份，语态，搭配等都有清楚的认识。因为词的变化和搭配多种多样，很难全部掌握，本部分往往是影响语法最后高分获得的关键所在。（一）考点19：冠词用法冠词用法在每次toefl考试中都会出现，主要考查：a/an的混用，a/an的遗漏，定冠词the的多余或遗漏（二）考点20：动名词用法动名词是由动词变化而来，和名词一样可以做主语、宾语、表语。同时也具有动词的功能，后可以加宾语或副词修饰，这又是它区别于一般名词的特性。一般来说，动名词也有逻辑主语，如果与主语不一致时，必须

9、加上所有格形式（如：Janes being careless caused so much trouble. 简这么粗心惹来了不少麻烦。）若要表示被动或完成时态，前用being+分词或having+分词。（三）考点21：动词不定式动词不定式在toefl中主要考查三个知识点：不定式后动词要用原形，不定式记号“to”的省略，不定式的特殊语意。（四）考点22：分词结构分词包括现在分词和过去分词，主要表示主动和被动的区别。一般分词结构在句中的成份为状语，可以表示原因、时间、条件、伴随等，也可作为定语修饰名词，要注意分词和逻辑主语的搭配。 （五）考点23: 平行结构一些固定的搭配和连词连接相同的成份，根

10、据这个结构就可判断相应的错误所在。这些词包括：and, or, but, bothand，as well as，rather than，other than，notbut，eitheror，neithernor，the sameas，suchas，not onlybut also等，平行结构遵循对等原则，包括词性平行，名词单复数平行，时态平行。（六）考点24：动词的语态动词语态是指主动与被动的区分。（七）考点25：动词的时态时态包括过去式，过去完成式，现在式，现在完成式，将来式等，要根据时间状语和句子的意思来区分。（八）考点26：主谓一致主谓一致是指谓语动词的形式和主语的搭配要一致。（九）考点

11、27：代词用法主要考查内容为：所有格，反身代词的误用，代词指代时人称和数上的不一致。（十）考点28：介词用法介词用法主要考查介词的多余、遗漏和介词的误用等。（十一）考点29：名词单复数常考知识点为：复数名词的变形，集合名词，不可数名词的用法，单复数同形的情况，名词做形容词时的形式。一般来说，单数可数名词前有冠词修饰，若无冠词时则要用复数形式，或前有a/an修饰的名词应有单数形式；前有many, a great number of，a few或数词等修饰词时，名词一般用复数，而有a great deal，a great amount of, much, a little等修饰时，后一般为不可数名

12、词。当名词作形容词修饰其他名词时，一般用单数形式，特殊如：sales tax，sports program，systems engineering等。（十二）考点30：词序常考的知识点是：修饰词与被修饰词位置颠倒，系表位置颠倒等。（十三）考点31：词的误用这是toefl考查最频繁的一类题型，包括： 词性的错用。包括形容词，名词，副词，动词的混用，连词和介词，副词的混用。数词序数词的混用 限定词的错用。如many和much，other和another，few和little等 表“人”和表“物”的词的错用 句子结构真题一、填空部分1、缺主谓：普林斯顿样题二-2题Every year Canadia

13、n _about 75 percent of their exports to the United States. A. businesses that sellB. selling businessesC. businesses sellD. that sell to businesses 普林斯顿样题二-15题_ a lonely and rugged life, far from home and family. A. However the early gold prospector often lived.B. The early gold prospector often liv

14、edC. Not only did the early gold prospector often liveD. The early gold prospector often living Test 11-4 _ in 1968 as a nonprofit agency to finance the growth of noncommercial radio and television in the United States. A. The Corporation for Public Broadcasting established B. The Corporation for Pu

15、blic Broadcasting was established C. When the Corporation for Public Broadcasting was established D. Even though the Corporation for Public Broadcasting was established Test12-7Skimming along the surface of the ocean or rising from its depths like delicate balloons, _ to their adaptation habitat. A.

16、 the perfect adaptation of jellyfish B. jellyfish are perfectly adapted C. jellyfish are adapted to perfectly D. and the adaptation is perfect for jellyfish 9608-6_ that Rachel Carsons 1962 book Silent Spring was one of the chief sources of inspiration for the development of nontoxic pesticides.A. T

17、here is likelyB. Likely to beC. It is likelyD. Likely 9612NA-6题Working like a telescope, _ the size of objects at great distances.(A) which magnifies a telephoto lens(B) a telephoto lens magnifies(C) a telephoto lens which magnifies(D) and magnifying a telephoto lens 9508-1According to the third law

18、 of thermodynamics, _ possible is 273.16 degrees centigrade.(A) that temperature is lowest(B) the temperature is lower 20% twenty per cent (C) lowest temperature(D) the lowest temperature9512-1_ a short-handled, long-bladed weapon, similar to a dagger but larger.(A) Like a sword(B) A sword is(C) A s

19、word is what(D) Before a sword 9512-4_ several years for bamboo seeds to grow into plants that can be used for commercial purposes. It takes somebody/ something some time to do something it takes some time for sb/sth to do sth(A) To be taken(B) It takes(C) By taking(D) Although taking Test 9-4Typica

20、lly, _ in meadows or damp woods and bloom in the spring.type-typicalA. wild violets growB. wild violets growthC. growing wild violetsD. the growth of wild violets 0405-6The average level of United States prices grew very little from 1953 until the mid-1960s when _. A. did inflation beginB. inflation

21、 beganC. the beginning of inflationD. did the beginning of inflation0505-7The islands of the Florida Keys are joined to the mainland by an overseas highway _ a railroad destroyed in the hurricane of 1935.(A) replaces(B) and replaces(C) that replaces(D) that it replaces定语从句-修饰与被修饰同位语从句-解释与被解释0505-14T

22、hrough reproduction, _ the properties of a species. (A) successive generations that carry on(B) that successive generations carry on(C) successive generations carry on(D) carry on successive generations0401-4The Sun, the Moon, and Earth have magnetic fields, and _evidence that the stellar that exten

23、d through vast regions galaxies have fields of space.(A) which is(B) is(C) because(D) There is0201-2When _ from milk, the remainder is called skim milk.(A) all the butterfat is removed(B) removing all the butterfat that(C) is all the butterfat removed(D) the removal of all the butterfat0401-8Any aci

24、d can, in principle, neutralize any base, although _ between some of the more reactive compounds.(A) side reactions can occur(B) the occurrence of side reactions can(C) can side reactions occur(D) side reactions that can occur缺主谓，且选项中有there be，优选there be0401-15 _ 200 bones forming the framework, or

25、skeleton , of the human body.(A) Being over(B)There are over(C) Where over (D)Over0405-3_ more than 65,000 described species of protozoa, of which more than half are fossils.A. Being that there areB. There beingC. Are thereD. There are9710-7During the Pleistocene glacial periods _ portions of the Ea

26、rth where plant and animal life flourished, making it possible for people to subsist. submarine(A) the (B) it was(C) there were(D) have there been 2、缺主语：Test11-1题_ is helping to break new ground in drug research. A. Computers are being used more ifB. The increasing use of the computerC. If an increa

27、se in the use of the computerD. Computers are being used moreTest12-14题_ around us gives us vital information about our environment. A. The sounds are heardB. That the hearing of soundsC. Hearing the soundsD. Whatever the sounds are heard Test12-15题Located in Boston, _ in the United States was found

28、ed in 1852. A. the first public library was freeB. the first free public libraryC. was the first free public libraryD. where the first free public library was 9512-6During courtship, _ displays his green-and-gold upper tail feathers before the peahen.A. in which the crested peacock B. which the cres

29、ted peacockC. the crested peacock thatD. the crested peacock 0405-9_ of classical ballet in the united states began around 1830.A. To teachB. Is teachingC. It was taughtD. The teaching0505-4_ is necessarily limited to areas of productive soils, tillable topography, and adequate moisture, where the g

30、rowing season is long enough for plant germination and maturation.(A) Farm(B) Farming(C) When farming(D) To farm0401-3 form-formal-informal-format-formation-reform_, particularly the oxides of sulfur, greatly increases the rate at which rust forms.(A) The presence of air pollutants(B) Air pollutants are present(C) Because the presence of air pollutants(D) Air pollutants whose presence0401-6Since prehistoric people first applied natural pigments to cave walls, _ have painted to express themselves. Application form(A) when artists conj. 1.