文体学考试大题分析.docx

1、文体学考试大题分析1期末考试分析题思路以及材料The checklist of linguistic and stylistic categories:（看到文章，从这四个方面分析）A: Lexical categoriesB: Grammatical categoriesC: Figures of speechD. Cohesion and context细则：A: Lexical categories：1.GENERAL. Is the vocabulary simple or complex? formal or colloquial? descriptive or evaluative

2、? general or specific? How far does the writer make use of the emotive and other associations of words, as opposed to their referential meaning? Does the text contain idiomatic phrases, and if so, with what kind of dialect or register语域 are these idioms associated? Is there any use of rare or specia

3、lized vocabulary? Are any particular morphological categories noteworthy (e.g. compound words, words with particular suffixes)? To what semantic fields. do words belong?The checklist of lexical categories and their stylistic functions：1）NOUNSabstract *（抽象）society/idea, or concrete（具体） house/cat? Wha

4、t kinds of abstract nouns occur events： war/eruption, perceptions： understanding/consciousness, processes： development, moral： virtue social： responsibility, qualities： bravery What use is made of proper names? Are there any collective nouns people/staff?2）Adjectivereferring to what attribute? Physi

5、cal： woolen psychological ：joyfulVisual： hilly square/snowy Auditory： bubbling/sizzling sensory： slippery/smooth Color： dark/red referential：big dog/white house Emotive： exited/happy Evaluative： good/fat/ bad/lazyGradable： young/tall/useful or non-gradable： atomic/British? Attributive： an utter fool

6、 or predicative he is ashore ? Restrictive the exact answer? Intensifying the simple truth / a complete victory/a slight effort? stative tall/long or dynamic abusive/ambitious?3)VerbsAre they stative cost/believe/remain, or dynamic walk/arrive? Do they refer to movements climb/jump/slide, physical a

7、cts spread/smell/taste/laugh, or speech acts persuade/decline/beg, psychological states or activities think/feel/imagine/know/love. or perceptions see/hear/feel? Are they transitive shut the door, intransitive the door shuts, or linking be/sound/seem/taste/ smell? Are they factive know/regret/forget

8、/remember or non-factive believe/assume/consider/suppose/ think/ imagine? 4)Adverbs5)What semantic functions do they perform? Manner anxiously/ carefully/ loudly/ willingly? place away/along/across/upstairs/elsewhere?direction backwards/forward/up/down/in/out?time ago/already/finally/shortly/immedia

9、tely? degree almost/completely/partly/deeply/much? Are there any significant use of sentence adverbs? 1) adjuncts like happily, proudly, now, outside? 2) conjuncts like so, therefore, however? 3) disjuncts like certainly, obviously, frankly?B: Grammatical categories1. SENTENCE TYPESDoes the author u

10、se only statements (declarative sentences), or does he also use questions, commands, exclamations. or minor sentence types (such as sentences with no verb)? If these other types are used, what is their function?2. SENTENCE COMPLEXITY. Do sentences on the whole have a simple or a complex structure? W

11、hat is the average sentence length (in number of words)? What is the ratio of dependent to independent clauses?Does complexity vary strikingly from one sentence to another? Is complexity mainly due to (i) coordination, (ii) subordination, (iii) parataxis (juxtaposition of clauses or other equivalent

12、 structures)?In what parts of a sentence does complexity tend to occur? For instance, is there any notable occurrence of anticipatory structure (e.g. of complex subjects preceding the verbs, of dependent clauses preceding the subject of a main clause)?3 CLAUSE TYPES What types of dependent clause ar

13、e favored: relative clauses, adverbial clauses, different types of nominal clauses (thatclauses, whclauses, etc)? Are reduced or non-finite clauses commonly used, and if so, of what type are they (infinitive clauses, ing clauses, ed clauses, verbless clauses)?.4.CLAUSE STRUCTURE. Is there anything s

14、ignificant about clause elements (eg frequency of objects, complements, adverbials; of transitive or intransitive verb constructions)? Are there any unusual orderings (initial adverbials, fronting of object or complement, etc)? Do special kinds of clause construction occur? (Such as those with prepa

15、ratory it or there)?5 NOUN PHRASESAre they relatively simple or complex?Where does the complexity lie (in pre-modification by adjectives, nouns, etc, or in post-modification by prepositional phrases, relative clauses, etc)? Note occurrence of listings (eg sequences of adjectives), coordination, or a

16、pposition.6. VERB PHRASES. Are there any significant departures from the use of the simple past tense? For example, notice occurrences and the functions of the present tense; of the progressive aspect (eg was lying); of the perfective aspect (eg has/had appeared);modal auxiliaries (eg can, must, wou

17、ld).7 OTHER PHRASE TYPES. Is there anything to be said about other phrase types: prepositional phrases, adverb phrases adjective phrases?8 WORD CLASSES.Having already considered major or lexical word classes, we may here consider minor word classes (function words): prepositions, conjunctions, prono

18、uns, determiners, auxiliaries, interjections.Are particular words of these types used for particular effect (eg the definite or indefinite article; first person pronouns I, we, etc; demonstratives such as this and that; negative words such as not, nothing, no) ?9 GENERAL. Note here whether any gener

19、al types of grammatical construction are used to special effect e.g. comparative or superlative constructions; coordinative or listing constructions; parenthetical. constructions; appended or interpolated structures such as occur in casual speech. Do lists and co-ordinations (e.g. lists of nouns) te

20、nd to occur with two, three or more than three members?C: Figures of speechHere we consider the incidence of features which are fore-grounded by virtue of departing in some way from general norms of communication by means of the language code;for example, exploitation of regularities of formal patte

21、rning, or of deviations from the linguistic code. For identifying such features, the traditional figures of speech (schemes and tropes) are often useful categories.1 GRAMMATICAL AND LEXICAL SCHEMES. (这一部分会和稍后说的第四部分略有重合）Are there any cases of formal and structural repetition (anaphora, parallelism, e

22、tc) or of mirrorimage patterns (chiasmus)? Is the rhetorical effect of these one of antithesis, reinforcement, climax, anticlimax, etc.?2 PHONOLOGICAL SCHEMES.Are there any phonological patterns of rhyme, alliteration, assonance, etc? Are there any salient rhythmical patterns? Do vowel and consonant

23、 sounds pattern or cluster in particular ways? How do these phonological features interact with meaning?3 TROPES修辞. Are there any obvious violations of, or departures from the linguistic code? For example, are there any neologisms (such as Americanly)? deviant lexical collocations (such as portentou

24、s怪异的 infants)? semantic, syntactic, phonological, or graphological deviations?Such deviations will often be the clue to special interpretations associated with traditional figures of speech such as metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, paradox, irony. If such tropes occur, what kind of special interpretat

25、ion is involved (eg metaphor can be classified as personifying, animizing, concretizing, synaesthetic, etc)? D: Context and cohesionUnder COHESION衔接 ways in which one part of a text is linked to another are considered: for example, the ways in which sentences are connected. This is the internal orga

26、nization of the text. Under CONTEXT we consider the external relations of a text or a part of a text, seeing it as a discourse presupposing a social relation between its participants (author and reader; character and character, etc), and a sharing by participants of knowledge and assumptions.I.COHES

27、ION. Does the text contain logical or other links between sentences (eg coordinating conjunctions, or linking adverbials)? Or does it tend to rely on implicit connections of meaning?What sort of use is made of crossreference by pronouns (she, it, they, etc)? by substitute forms (do, so, etc), or ell

28、ipsis? Alternatively, is any use made of elegant variation the avoidance of repetition by the substitution of a descriptive phrase (as, for example, the old lawyer or her uncle may substitute for the repetition of an earlier Mr. Jones)? Are meaning connections reinforced by repetition of words and p

29、hrases or by repeatedly using words from the same semantic field? 2.CONTEXT. Does the writer address the reader directly, or through the words or thoughts of some fictional character? What linguistic clues (first-person pronouns I, me, my, mine) are there of the addresser-addressee relationship? Wha

30、t attitude does the author imply towards his subject? If a characters words or thoughts are represented, is this done by direct quotation: direct speech), or by some other method (eg indirect speech. free indirect speech)? Are there significant changes of style according to who is supposedly speakin

31、g or thinking the words on the page? 以下这篇是老师给的一个例子：（咱们可以当作模版来用，但如果题目不一样，照上面）题目：From Joseph Conrad, The Secret SharerOn my right hand there were lines of fishing stakes resembling a mysterious system of half-submerged bamboo fences, incomprehensible in its division of the domain of tropical fishes, a

32、nd crazy of aspect as if abandoned for ever by some nomad tribe of fishermen now gone to the other end of the ocean; for there was no sign of human habitation as far as the eye could reach(1). To the left a group of barren islets, suggesting ruins of stone walls, towers, and blockhouses, had its foundations set in a blue sea that itself looked solid, so still and stable did it lie below my feet; even the tr