初二上英语语法总结.docx

1、初二上英语语法总结英语中的部分否定（即不完全否定）有如下一些表示方法： 一、 all 的否定式：not all（或：allnot）表示并非都、不是所有的都例如：Not all men can be masters. (= All men cannot be masters.) 并非人人都能当头头。 Not all bamboo grows tall. 并非所有的竹子都会长得很高。二、 both 的否定式：notboth (或：both not) 并非两个都 例如：I dont want both the books. 我不是两本书都要。 Both (the) windows are not o

2、pen. 两扇窗子并不都开着。三、 every的否定式：不是每都 例如：Not every book is educative. (或：Every book is not educative.) 不是每本书都有教育意义的。 Not everyone likes this book. 并非人人都喜欢这本书。 This flower is not seen everywhere. 这花并不是随处可见的。四、 always的否定式：并非总是（并非一直） 例如：He is not always so sad. 他并不是一直都这样悲伤。五、 entirely, altogether, completel

3、y 和quite 的否定式：不完全，并非完全 例如：The businessman is never to be entirely trusted. 不可以完全信任商人。 He felt not altogether satisfied. 他并不完全满意。 I dont agree completely. 我并不完全同意。 What he did was not quite proper. 他做的不十分妥当。六、 all the time 的否定式：并非一直、未必老是 例如：A foolish man doesnt make a mistake all the time. 笨人未必老是犯错误。

4、七、 notand的否定式，被否定的往往是and后面的那一部分。 例如：He did not speak clearly and correctly. 他讲得清楚但不正确。 This film is not interesting and instructive. 这部电影有趣但无教育意义。 She cannot sing and dance. 她会唱歌但不会跳舞。 如果将and 换成or，not 对其后面的两部分就全盘否定了。 He did not speak clearly or correctly. 他讲的既不清楚也不正确。 如要对上述的all, both, every, always,

5、 以及entirely, altogether, completely, quite 和 all the time 等词作完全否定，那就分别要用与之相对应的全否定词，如no, none, neither, no one, never, not (never) at all 等。例如： All of them can do it.- None of them can do it. Both are good.-Neither is good. Everybody likes it. -Nobody likes it. He is always late. - He is never late.

6、We dont trust them entirely. - We never trust them at all. He was here all the time. - He was never here.让名词动起来Table, ice, duck, flag. 这些简单的英语单词，它们的名词意义就算对初学英语者来说也一定是小菜一碟，但老外经常把它们当做动词用，它们的动词意义和用法你知道吗？ 1. table：名词，桌子；当动词用，是指开会时延期讨论提案等，也就是暂缓审议。（to postpone discussion of a bill or suggestion until futu

7、re time）; 例如： They tabled the motion at the meeting. I made the motion and he seconded it.（我提案，他同意。) (second 这里是动词，意思是赞成；to second the motion 也就是附议) We are tabling this matter until further notice.（我们延期讨论这件事，以后再说。）2. pride：名词，荣誉；当动词用，是指感到得意或自豪。（to take pride in something）例如：We prided ourselves on ou

8、r good work. (我们为自己工作的表现而自豪。) I have long prided myself on being a good teacher. (我一向以身为一名称职的老师師而自豪。) 注意：to pride oneself on和 to be proud of 或 to take pride in 意思相近，只是用法和后面所跟的介词不同而已。例如： They take great pride in her daughter who is now a famous scientist. I am very proud of being a Chinese. 3. carpet

9、：名词，地毯；当动词用，是覆盖的意思 。(to cover something) 例如： The flower girls carpeted the floor with rose petals before the brides entrance. (新娘进来前，花童将玫瑰花瓣撒满了地板。) During the winter time my roof is carpeted with white snow. (冬天时我家的屋顶盖满了白雪。) 4. floor：名词，地板；当动词用，是踩足汽车的油门，加速开车或使人惊讶。 (to press accelerator of a car to t

10、he floor in order to speed up; or to astonish someone) 例如： As soon as I saw his gun, I floored my car. (我一见到他有枪，立即踩足油门加速开车。) When you see a police car, dont floor it. (当你看到警车时，別开快车。) The news really floored me; I hadnt been expecting it at all. （这个消息真使我吃惊地不知所措，这完全出乎我地意料。） 5. top：名词，顶端；做动词用，是做得更好，或高过

11、某人。 (to do something better or to be taller than someone) 例如： If he had tried harder, he could have topped his class. (假如他以前用功些，他会在班里（成绩）名列前茅的。) The tax-cut issue will top todays agenda. (减税问题将是今天的主要议题。) Mr. Lin tops me by three inches. (林先生比我高三吋) 6. flag：名词，旗帜；当动词用，是指打旗号或做手势来传达讯息。 (to give signal f

12、or communication) 例如： When my car broke down, I flagged a police car. (当我的汽车抛锚的时候，我打了个信号招来一辆警车。) The beach life-guards usually flag one another for communication. (海滨救生员通常用旗号传达讯息。) 7. bridge：名词，桥梁、桥牌；当动词用，是连接或沟通的意思。(to connect) 例如： The parents are trying to bridge the generation gap with their child

13、ren. (父母都在设法弥合与儿女的代沟。) These tax reforms are attempt to bridge the gap between the rich and poor. （这些税收改革旨在弥合贫富之间的差距。） 8. club：名词，俱乐部、高尔夫球棒；当动词用，意思是用棍棒打人。(to beat someone with a stick) 例如： The security officer should not club any suspect who does not resist arrest. (保安人员对任何没有拒捕的嫌犯都不该用棍棒殴打。) I saw th

14、e police clubbing a suspected robber. (我看到警察用棍棒打了那个抢劫嫌疑犯。) 9. soldier：名词，士兵；当动词用，是指不畏困难，坚持下去。(to forge ahead no matter what difficulty is) 例如： The Marine Corps usually have to soldier on under the hardest conditions. (海军陆战队通常在最艰难的情況下，仍要勇敢前进。) He doesnt like the job but hell solider on until they can

15、 find a replacement for him.（他不喜欢这个工作，但他会继续干下去，直到他们找到接替他的人为止。） 10. duck：名词，鸭子；当动词用，是逃避、躲避、回避的意思。(to try to avoid) 例如： His speech was full of generalizations, and ducked all the real issues.（他的讲话全是泛泛而谈，回避了所有实质性的问题。） 11. chair：名词，椅子、主席（chairperson）；当动词用，是担任主席（to be a chairperson）例如： He has chaired a c

16、ommittee on international affairs.（他担任国际事务委员会的主席。） She will chair the math department next semester. (下学期她将担任数学系主任。） 12. doctor：名词，医生、大夫；当动词用，是指窜改、对做手脚。(to change, esp. in a dishonest way) 例如： They were charge with doctoring the election results. （他们因窜改选举结果而受到控告。） to doctor the number 是做假账的意思，相当于 to

17、 cook the book, to make something fraudulent or false He tried to doctor the number before tax time. (他在报税前设法做假账。) 13. cushion：名词，坐垫；当动词用，是指缓和，缓和或降低对某事的撞击或震动（to soften or decrease impact of something）例如： Powerful shock absorbers cushion our landing. (有效的减缓装置缓解了我们着陆时的冲撞力。) Nothing can cushion the sor

18、row of her mothers death. （什么也不能减轻她丧母的悲痛。） 14. cap：名词，便帽；当动词用，是指限额、约束或制止。(to limit something) 例如： The new law has capped the crabbing season in our area. (新法令限制了该地区捕蟹的时节。)（即不准随时捕蟹） Our school will cap the white student enrollment to promote its diversity programs. (本校为了促进生源的种族多元性，对白人学生的生源加以了限制。) 15.

19、 showcase：名词，陈列柜；当动词用，是指展览或亮相 (to highlight)。 例如： She fully showcased her ability in the debate. (她在这场辩论赛中充分展示了自己的才华。) The real estate company is showcasing many new houses in the newspaper.（该房地产公司在报纸上展示了多款新房型。） 16. grandfather：名词，祖父；当动词用，是指保护（免受限制）或保持现状 (to protect or to keep the same status)。例如： O

20、ur current employees will be grandfathered under the existing health insurance.（现有卫生医疗制度为我们的员工提供了保障。) Everybody would like to grandfather this regulation as it is. (大家都想要保持现有的制度。) The new staff * can not be grandfathered into the old pension system. (新员工不能享受旧有的养老制度。) 17. corner：名词，角落或壁角；当动词用，是指将某人逼入

21、困境或令人无地自容（to put someone in a bad spot )。 例如： Dont try to corner your spouse. (不要让你的爱人为难。) He has been cornered by his best friend. (他最好的朋友却让他感到无地自容。) Finally, the escaped criminal was cornered. (那名逃犯最终走投无路了。) 18. distance：名词，距离；当动词用，是指冷淡、疏远或与某人保持距离（to keep yourself a distance from someone）。例如： It i

22、s difficult for him to distance himself from her. (对他来说，疏远、冷淡她是很困难的。) The politicians will distance themselves from the controversial issues. (政客们想要尽量远离有争议的问题。) The parents advise their daughter to distance herself from her boyfriend. (她的父母劝告她要和男朋友保持一定距离，不可太过亲密。) 19. book：名词，书本；当动词用，是指预订飞机座位、机票、旅馆房间

23、等。此外还指警方将登记如册以为指控之用（to press charge against someone, generally by the police)。 例如： Mr. Chen has booked（或made）a reservation at a hotel. (陈先生已经预订了旅馆房间。) Yesterday he booked a flight to Taiwan. (昨天他订购了到台湾的机票。) The police booked him for drunken driving. (他被指控酒后驾车。) 20. house：名词，房屋；当动词用，是指供给住所 (to provid

24、e shelter)。 例如： The farmer has housed the horse in the barn. (农夫把他的马圈在马厩里。) I would be glad to house you for the weekend. (我很高兴这个周末你能够住在我这里。) 21. radio：名词，收音机；当动词用，是指用无线电发送讯息，广播，发报（to send a message）。例如： At airport the lady radioed for a missing child. (机场中，有一位女士正在广播寻找一个走失的孩子。) All U.S. ships will h

25、ave to radio the Coast Guard when they are in trouble. (美国船只如果遇到困难，可以用无线电同海岸巡逻队取得联系。) 22. dog：名词，狗；当动词用，是指尾随某人，困扰某人或某事（to bother someone or something）。例如： He was dogged wherever he went. (他不管到哪里，总被人尾随。) Her career was dogged by misfortune. (她一生屡遭不幸。) 23. fare：名词，票价；当动词用，是指过活、进展（to get along or to tu

26、rn out）。例如： How do you fare？= How are you doing？ I fare very well. = I am doing (feeling) well. How did you fare in your exam？ (考得怎样？) I fared very well in my exam. (我考得很好。) If he gets caught for shoplifting, he may fare a punishment. (如果他因为盗窃被捕，将会受到惩罚。) 24. father：名词，父亲；当动词用，是指为人父（to beget a child）

27、。例如： He has fathered two children before his remarriage. (他再婚前已经是两个孩子的爸爸了。) Hopefully, Mr. Chen is going to father a child soon. (希望陈先生很快能够当上爸爸。) 注意：如果以母方来说，就是： She bore him two children. (她为他生了两个孩子); 或 She bore a son. 也就是 He begot a son. 所以to father a child，也就是to beget a child表达数目和数量的特别方法大家知道，不可数名词

28、没有表示复数的“-s”标志，因此前面不可有数目字，只可以有数量词。例如我们可以说， 不可以说： There is not much furniture in the office. There are not many furnitures in the office. 这是不是说不可数名词就不可数呢？不然。相反的，不可数名词也是可数的，主要方法是借重单位词（unit word），如： a piece of, a cup of, a drop of, a lump of, a handful of, a flash of, a blade of, a head of, a bar of, an

29、 ear of等。 如果数目是超过“一”，就以确实数目取代“一”。例如： two pieces of, three cups of 和 five lumps of 等。 现在试试把上述这类单位词和适当的不可数名词连用。 Mr Li has just bought a piece of new furniture. Give me a cup of cold water, please. Please put two lumps of sugar in my coffee. The boy picked up two handfuls of sand from the beach. We saw

30、 a flash of lightning in the sky. The gardener pulled out blades of wild grass from the garden. She gave bars of chocolate to the visiting children. 有些名词如 scissors, trousers, spectacles, tongs, pliers 等，都以复数形式出现， 如： The scissors are lying on the table. The spectacles fit me nicely. 如果要给这些名词表示单数“一”的意

31、思，就要借重单位词了。例如： Mary has just bought a pair of scissors. 现代英语注重简洁，合成形容词便应运而生，其中有一种是用来表示数目的，方法是： “数目+名词”，如：a five-year plan, a ten-dollar note, a two-hour meeting, a three-day conference等。 必须注意的是，这种合成形容词中的名词，只能以单数形式出现。如果用复数，就错了，如： a five-years plan, a ten-dollars note, a two-hours meeting, a three-days conference. 这类错误，虽然频率不是很高，但也是要留意才好。 如果没有把握，不妨用完整的表达方式，如： a five-year plana plan of five years a ten-dollar notea note of ten dollars a three-day conferencea co