高考英语试题分项版解析专题16科普类说明文.docx

1、高考英语试题分项版解析专题16科普类说明文专题16 科普类说明文2018高考题D【2018全国I】We may think were a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(装置) well after they go out of style. Thats bad news for the environment and our wa

2、llets as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughou

3、t its life from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on

4、the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.As we accumulated more devices, however, we didnt throw out our old ones. The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids room, and suddenly one day

5、, you have a TV in every room of the house, said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. Were not just keeping these old devices we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitts team, old desktop monitors and box TVs

6、with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions（排放）more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.So whats the solution（解决方案）? The teams data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consum

7、ers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.32. What does the author thi

8、nk of new devices?A. They are environment-friendly. B. They are no better than the old.C. They cost more to use at home. D. They go out of style quickly.33. Why did Babbitts team conduct the research?A. To reduce the cost of minerals.B. To test the life cycle of a product.C. To update consumers on n

9、ew technology.D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.34. Which of the following uses the least energy?A. The box-set TV. B. The tablet.C. The LCD TV. D. The desktop computer.35. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?A. Stop using them. B. Take them apart.C.

10、 Upgrade them. D. Recycle them.【答案】32. A 33. D 34. B 35. A【解析】本文是一篇科普说明文。文章讲述了新旧电子设备的差别，旧电子设备耗能高，不环保。所以作者主张使用新电子设备。33. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental

11、 costs for each product throughout its life 可知，Babbitts team研究的目的是弄清楚这些设备用了多少电。故选D。34. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.可知，平板电脑是耗能最少的电子设备，可以降低44%的耗能。故选B。35. 推理判断题。根据文章的整体内容可知，因为旧的电

12、子设备耗能高，不环保。所以作者建议停止使用旧的电子设备。故选A。点睛：熟悉比较句型是彻底理解本文的关键，也是解题的关键。本文中的比较句型：1. Thats bad news for the environment and our wallets as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the news ones that do the same things做同样的事，旧的过时的装置比新装置消耗更多能源，对环境有害，浪费钱财。2. According to the analysis of Babbitts team, ol

13、d desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.根据Babbitt团队的分析，旧的桌面监视器和阴极射线管箱式电视机是最差的电子设备，它们的耗能和温室气体的排放是1992到2007window的两倍还多。3. They found tha

14、t more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.他们发现在平板电脑上看的随需变化的娱乐节目比在电视和电脑上看耗能减少了44%。 B【2018浙江】 Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider that hes an environmental scientis

15、t who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that one ofSteins jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags. Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So

16、many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台) . The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists likeSteintomake the case that their pr

17、oducts are not as bad for the planet as most people assume. Among the bag makers argument: many cities with bans still allow shopperstopurchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require more energytoproduce and transport. And while plastic bags may be uglytolook at, they represent a small pe

18、rcentage of allgarbageon the ground today The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shopping bags. The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out. However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require

19、more energytomake. One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic. Environmentalists dont dispute（质疑） these points. They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shopperstouse the same reusable bags for years.24. What has Steven

20、Stein been hired to do?A. Help increase grocery sales.B. Recycle the waste material.C. Stop things falling off trucks.D. Argue for the use of plastic bags.25. What does the word “headwinds”in paragraph 2 refer to?A. Bans on plastic bags.B. Effects of city development.C. Headaches caused by garbage.D

21、. Plastic bags hung in trees.26. What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers?A. They are quite expensive.B. Replacing them can be difficult.C. They are less strong than plastic bags.D. Producing them requires more energy.27. What is the best title for the text?A. Plastic,

22、 Paper or NeitherB. Industry, Pollution and EnvironmentC. Recycle or Throw AwayD. Garbage Collection and Waste Control【答案】24. D 25. A 26. D 27. A【解析】文章分析了几种购物袋的使用情况，塑料袋造成了环境问题，尽管纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。24. 细节理解题。根据第一段one ofSteins jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shoppi

23、ng bags.和第二段plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists likeSteintomake the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.可知塑料袋生产商雇用Steven Stein是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害，是对塑料袋被禁用的解释和争论。故选D。25. 词义猜测题。上文介绍在许多美国大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到这种现状，塑料袋生产商雇用Steven Stein等科学家是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那

24、样对地球有害。headwinds“逆风”，此处指塑料袋被禁用的现状，即Bans on plastic bags，故选A。26. 细节理解题。根据第四段However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energytomake.可知塑料袋生产商认为生产耐用且能重复使用的袋子需要更多的能量，故选D。27. 标题归纳题。文章讲述了使用塑料袋造成的环境问题，纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。对这三种方式进行了对比，Plastic, Paper or Neither既能概括全文，又能吸引读者，最适

25、合作为标题。故选A。【点睛】概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，要看懂全文的主要内容，明白了主要内容就能准确概括文章标题。小题4要求概括标题，本文讲述了使用塑料袋造成的环境问题，纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。对这三种方式进行了对比，Plastic, Paper or Neither既能概括全文，又能吸引读者，适合作为标题。C【2018天津卷】Theres a new frontier in 3D printing thats beginning to c

26、ome into focus: food. Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale. And the industry isnt stopping there.Food productionWith a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake. Not e

27、verybody can do that it takes years of experience, but a printer makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “re-create forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly the same,” freeing cooks to complete other tasks. In another restaurant, all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-prin

28、ted,rather than farm to table.Sustainability(可持续性）The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels. Sustainability is becoming a necessity. 3D food printing could probably

29、 contribute to the solution. Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料). 3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions. Grocery stores of the future might stock food that lasts years on end

30、, freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.NutritionFuture 3D food printers could make processed food healthier. Hod Lipson, a professor at Columbia University, said, “Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitam

31、ins. So instead of eating a piece of yesterdays bread from the supermarket, youd eat something baked just for you on demand.”ChallengesDespite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to overcome. Currently, most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊状物) before a p

32、rinter can use them, and the printing process is quite time-consuming, because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways. On top of that, most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad. Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers, believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants.46. What benefit does 3D printing bring to f