图解英语语法完美版.docx

1、图解英语语法完美版最新高考英语常用语法图解知识清单索引名词. . .3-5I. 名词的种类： II. 名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式2. 不规则名词复数III. 名词的所有格1. s所有格的构成2. s所有格的用法3. of所有格的用法 冠词. .5-6I. 不定冠词的用法II. 定冠词的用法III. 零冠词的用法：代词. . .7I.七大类代词II.不定代词用法注意点 1. one, some与any 2. each和every3. none和no 4. other和another 5. all和both, neither和either形容词和副词. . .8-9I. 形容词1. 形容词

2、的位置2. 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序3. 复合形容词的构成副词II.副词的8种分类 1.时间副词2.地点副词3.方式副词4.程度副词5.频度副词6.疑问副词7.连接副词8.关系副词III.形容词和副词比较等级 1.同级比较2.可以修饰比较级的词3.“the morethe more”句型 4.比较级表达最高级 5.表示倍数的比较级几种句型6.表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级 介词. . .10I.介词分类1.简单介词2.合成介词 3.短语介词 4.双重介词 5.分词转化成的介词 6.形容词转化成的介词 II.常用介词区别动词. . .11-12I. 动词的16种时态 1. 现在

3、完成时与一般过去时的区别 2. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别 3. 一般将来时的6种表达方式II. 动词的被动语态1.短语动词的被动态保留介副词2.用被动结构表示汉语中的“无主语句”3.主动形式常表示被动意义4.下没有被动态词或短语情态动词. . .13-14I. 情态动词基本用法1. 情态动词的用法2. 情态动词的否定式3. 情态动词的疑问式及简答 II. 情态动词must, may, might, could, can1. must“肯定，一定” 2. may和might“也许” 3. can和could“可能”III. 情态动词注意点：1.can和be able to2.used t

4、o和would3. need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别非谓语动词. . .15-17I.分类、意义及构成1. 非谓语的分类2. 非谓语的特征和作用3. 非谓语的时态和语态 4. 非谓语的否定式5. 非谓语的复合结构II.做宾语的非谓语动词比较：1.只接不定式做宾语的动词2.只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语3.既可接不定式又可接动名词做宾语的动词1).意义基本相同 *“+ v-ing”表被动（= “+ to be done”）2).意义相反stop等3).意义不同 *“+ v-ing” 表完成过去III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别IV.非谓语动词做定语的区别V.非谓语动词做主语和表语的区

5、别定语从句. . .18-19I.关系词、先行词、关系词在从句中的成分1.关系代词和关系副词2.先行词：人、物/事、主句3.充当成分：主、宾、表、定、状II.that与which, who, whom的用法区别1.只用that的情况2.只用which, who, whom的情况1).在非限制性定语从句中2).在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中3).先行词本身是that时4).先行词为those, one, he时III.as与which的区别：IV.限制性与非限制性定从的区别名词性从句. . .20I.种类II.作用 III.常用关联词1.连词2.连接代词3.连接副词状语从句. . .21

6、I.种类 II.连接词倒装句. . .22I.种类II.完全倒装的条件III.部分倒装的条件虚拟语气. . .23I.状语从句1.If引导的条件从句2.as if引导的状语从句3.in order that / so that引导的状语从句II.宾语从句1.demand, suggest, order, insist后接的从句2.wish后的从句 III. 主语从句 1.It is necessary / important / strange that,2.It is suggested / demanded / ordered / requested that IV.其它句型1.It is

7、 time that句型2.would rather所接的从句3.If only句型表示强烈的愿望【附一】26个超经典句型. . .24【附二】经典高级写作词汇60例. .25【附三】32个经典动词搭配. .26-34一、 名词I. 名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II. 名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, s

8、h结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cit

9、ies5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s

10、radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式ashes,

11、trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(

12、情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on,

13、 passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servantsIII. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the

14、teachers room, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略the doc

15、tors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2. s所有格的用法：表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five do

16、llars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)3. of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed二、 冠词冠词分为不

17、定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。I. 不定冠词的用法：1指一类人或事，相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相当于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相当于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy

18、 is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠词的用法：1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用

19、于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海

20、，山川群岛的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990s11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠词的用法：1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University, J

21、ack, China, love, air2名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess.6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train,

22、 by air, by land7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.三、 代词：I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：1人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours,

23、 theirs3反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some5疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/

24、 a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ eitherII. 不定代词用法注意点：1. one, some与any:1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等

25、。Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?2. each和ever

26、y:each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none和no：no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单

27、复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other和another: 1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. 2) another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，