高二语法专题之情态动词自制超好用教师版.docx

1、高二语法专题之情态动词自制超好用教师版高二情态动词专题（本部分主要讲几种情态动词的常见用法，特别是各种情态动词+完成时态的不同意义及注意点，让学生通过例句来总结知识点，适合自主学习性比较强的学员）1.情态动词定义：情态动词又称情态助动词，无人称和数的变化，只能与行为动词或状态动词（简称实义动词）构成谓语；既有情态动词特殊，又有实义动词特征的称为半情态动词。2.情态动词的分类及特点情态动词的分类1) 只做情态动词：must, can(could), may(might) 2) 可做情态动词又可做实义动词：need, dare 3) 具有情态动词特征：have(had, has) to, used

2、 to, ought to 4) 情态动词表猜测：一肯一否三不定（must一肯，must not一否，can, could, would三不定。）情态动词的特点情态动词无人称和数的变化，情态动词后面跟的动词原形，否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 not。个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式，过去式用来表达更加客气，委婉的语气，时态性不强，可用于过去，现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词，故没有被动语态。 We cant carry the heavy box. 我们搬不动那箱子。 Im sorry I cant help you. 对不起，我帮不上你。 注意：助动词（如do, did等）与情态助动词最

3、主要的区别之一是：助动词本身没有词义（表示人称和时态），而情态助动词则有自己的词义，能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法，或表示主观设想： What have you been doing since your last job? （构成完成进行体，本身无词义） I am afraid I must be going. （一定要） You may have read some account of the matter. （或许已经）NO.1 can&could1.用法1）表示能力，指有能力做某事，意为“能够”(1) -“I dont think Mike can type.” -“Yes, h

4、e can.”(2) I can speak fluent English now, but I couldnt last year.2）表示请求和允许。表示请求，口语中常用could代替can，使语气更委婉；意为“可否、可以”。(1) Can we turn the air conditioner on?(2) Could you have her call me back when she gets home, please?3）在肯定句中，表示理论性的可能性；译为“有时候会”。要表达具体某事实际发生的可能性时，不用can，需用could, may, might。(1) Im confid

5、ent that a solution can be found.(2) It will be sunny in the daytime ,but it could rain tonight.(实际可能性)4）用在否定、疑问或感叹句中，意为“可能”。(1) It cant be easy caring for a man and a child who are not your own.(2) Can the man over there be our head master?5）表示推测，用在否定句、疑问句和感叹句中，表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度，意为“可能，能够”(1)Can this b

6、e an excuse for not giving them help?(2)This cant be true.注意：1) could用来表示请求时，语气委婉，主要用于疑问句，不能用于肯定句，答语应用can（即：could不能用于现在时态的简略答语中）。如：Could I use your dictionary?Yes, you can. (否定回答可用：No, Im afraid not.)Mary _ be in Paris, I saw her in town only a few minutes ago. A. mustnt B. shouldnt C. cant D. may n

7、otKey: C2) can和be able to辨析can(could)和be able to都可以表示能力，意思上没有区别。但can只有现在式和过去式，而be able to则有更多的形式。如：Ive always wanted to be able to speak fluent English.Those bags look really heavy. Are you sure youll be able to carry them on your own?但是，表示在过去某时的某一场合经过一番努力，终于做成了某事，通常不用could，而用was/were able to来表示。这时，

8、was/were able to相当于managed to do或succeed in doing。如：After the accident it was a long time before she was able to walk again.The fire was very big, but most people were able to escape from the building. 另外，表示“有能力克服困难做成某事”，还可用manage to do或succeed in doing。如： Do you think shell manage to get a visa? Th

9、e army succeeded in defeating their enemy.1) The fire spread through the hotel very quickly, but everyone _ get out. A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to 2) -Will you stay for lunch? -Sorry, _. My brother is coming to see me. A. I mustnt B. I cant C. I neednt D. I wont Keys: 1) D 2)BNO.2 may&m

10、ight1.用法1）表示允许、许可。否定回答一般用must not/mustnt,表示“禁止、阻止”之意，但也可以用had better not (最好别)或may not（不可以），语气较为委婉。（1）May I come in and wait?（2）May I smoke here?No, you mustnt. (或No, youd better not.)2）在表示请求、允许时，might比may语气更委婉些。用May I征询对方许可在文体上比较正式，在口气上比较客气，在日常用语中，用Can I征询对方意见更为常见。（1）Might I borrow your pen?（2）I wo

11、nder if I might speak to your son.3）表示可能性的推测，通常用在肯定句和否定句中，含有“或许”“大概”“可能”之意；用might代替may时，则语气显得更加不肯定。（1）It may rain this afternoon.（2）She might come to join us this afternoon.4）may用于祈使句表示祝愿、但愿（1）May you succeed.（2）Long may he live! 愿他能持续住下去。（3）May she rest in peace.愿她安息。5）用于表让步的状语从句中（1）Try as he might

12、, he could not get out the difficult.（2）Come what may, I will never desert you.6）might常用于表示委婉的请求或轻微的责备。（1）You might post this letter for me if you are going near a post box.（2）You might have let me know before!NO.2 must&have to1.must用法1）用于第一人称表示说话人有义务，有必要做某事；用于第二、三人称表示命令或要求某人做某事。（1）You must come to

13、school on time.（2）Everybody must obey the law.2）回答带有must的问句时，否定回答常用neednt或dont have to，表示“不必”，而不用mustnt（1）Must I come back before ten?Yes, you must.(No, you neednt)3）表推断、预期或人以避免，意为“肯定是、必然会”。（1） It must be my mother.（2）You must be hungry after a walk.4）表示“偏要、硬要”：用于第二人称，意指不耐烦或令人不愉快的事；用于其它人称，表示主语固执或不巧，

14、意为“偏偏”（1）If you must smoke, you can go to the smoking section.（2）Why must you buy that car?5）must的否定有如下3种形式，用于不同场合：1)表示“合理的推断和可能性”时，否定意为“不可能”；2) 表示“义务和必要”时，否定意为“不必”；3) 表示“禁止和批评”时，否定意为“决不能”。（1）It must be eleven oclock now. It cannot be eleven oclock now.（2）You mustnt park your car here.6）可作名词，表示“必须有的

15、东西（做的事）”（1）Warm clothes are a must in the mountains.（2）Dont miss his latest play; its a must.2.have to用法1）“必须，不得不”，意义与must相近。但must表示的是说话人的主观看法，而have to则往往强调客观需要。（1）The film is not interesting. I really must go now.2）must只有一种形式，即现在式与过去式都是一种形式，而have to则涉及各种人称、时态等方面的变化形式。（1）I had to work hard when I wa

16、s your age.（2）I will have to learn how to use a computer.3）两者的否定意义不同，mustnt表示“禁止，不许”，dont have to表示不必。（1）You mustnt go there.（2）You dont have to go there.NO.3 shall&should1.shall用法 1）用于第一、二、三人称构成的疑问句，表示征求对方意见或请求指示，表示“商量斟酌”（1）Shall I open the window?（2）Shall we say 6 oclock, then?2）用于第二、三人称陈述句中，表示说话人

17、给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。（1）Dont worry, you shall get the answer this afternoon.(允诺)（2）He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you.（警告）（3）You shall do as I say. (命令)（4）If you children dont do as I tell you, you shall not go to the party. (威胁)3）在法律、条约、规章等文件中，无论主语人称如何， 一律用shall，表示义务、规定、预言等。（1）House owners sha

18、ll keep their gardens in a neat and ordinary state. (义务)（2）Each citizen shall carry his identification card when traveling. (规定)（3）Death is certain to all; all shall die. (预言)2. should用法1）表示劝告或建议或命令，同义词为“ought to”；表示义务，意指应该做，且有一种道义上的责任。（1）What should I do?（2）Should I trust him?2）表示推测，用在肯定句中，对现在的情况或可

19、能发生的事的主观推测或期待。意为“想必，大概，或许”（1）It should be a nice day tomorrow.（2）Try phoning Robert, he should be home now.3）还可以用在if引导的条件句中，表示一件事听起来可能性很小，但也不是完全不可能，相当于“万一”的意思。从句谓语用should+动词原形构成，主句一定用虚拟语气（1）Ask Tom to ring me up if you should see him. (你万一见到汤姆，请让他给我打个电话)（2）Should I be free tomorrow, Ill come. (万一我明天

20、有时间，我就过来)4）用于疑问句或感叹句中，表示意外、惊异的情绪，意为“竟会、竟然”；在疑问句中与why，what，how，who连用，表示不合理，难以相信或不应该之事；类似结构还有“Im surprised; It worries me; Its a pity; You cant imagine”（1）Why should anyone want to marry Tony?（2）Dont ask me. How should I know?例题1) Your brother seldom comes to see you, _? A. does he B. doesnt he C. wil

21、l he D. isnt he2) Its a fine day. Lets go fishing, _? A. wont we B. will we C. dont we D. shall weKeys: 1)A 2)DNO.4 will&would1.Will用法1）用于表示意志、愿望和决心。will指现在，would指过去。（1） He is the man who will go his own way. (他是个自行其是的人。)2）表示请求、建议等，用would比用will委婉、客气（2）Will you please take a message for him?3）表示习惯或倾向

22、，意为“总是，惯于”多用于第三人称。will至现在，would指过去。（1） Fish will die without water.（2）People will talk. (人们总会说闲话。)4）表示推测，意为“很可能，大概”。will表示推测比should把握大，比must把握小。（1）These things will happen. （2）That will be the messenger ringing.5）表示自然规律（指现在，有时可用现在时）。（1）Oil and water will not mix.6）用于对一个令人厌烦的坏习惯或对无生命物体进行批评（若仅陈述事实，不含厌

23、烦情绪时，也可用现在时）。（1）Whatever I do, my car wont start first time on cold mornings.7）用在if条件句中：1）表示意志，意为“insist on”；2) 表示有礼貌的请求或劝阻，意为“be willing to”；3) 表示对将来行为的预示。 （1）If you will go out / insist on going out without a coat, you will catch a cold.（2）If you will make another try, I shall do everything to hel

24、p you.（3）If the water will rise above this level, then we must warn everybody in the neighbourhood.8）用于否定句中，意为“不肯”、“不乐意”，表示“坚决地拒绝”（1）I wont listen to your nonsense.（2）No matter what I said, he wouldnt listen to me.2. would用法1）可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。比used to 正式，且没有“现已无此习惯”的含义，常与every day, often, frequentl

25、y 等连用。（1）During the vocation he would visit me every week.（2）In those days the old man would get up very early in the morning and go for a walk in the fields.例题1) Dont smoke in the meeting room, _ you? A. do you B. will you C. can you D. could you2) - Its my birthday tomorrow. Dont forget to come to

26、 my party.- _ . A. I dont B. I wont C. I cant D. I haventKeys: 1)B 2)B注意：would与used to辨析would可用来表示过去反复出现的动作，但不能表示过去存在的状态，所以我们不能说：“she would be a quiet girl.”另外，would强调过去某种特定情况下的活动，是完全过去的事情，同现在没有联系。而used to则着眼于过去和现在的对比，隐含现在已不存在，动作或状态都可表示。Would可以表示不规则的习惯，used to则不可。如： He used to be a naughty boy and c

27、ause trouble. I used to get up at six in the morning. Sometimes she would take a walk in the neighboring woods. In those days, whenever I had difficulties, I would go to Mr. Chen for help.NO.5 need&dare1.Need用法1）用于表示“需要，必要”之意。做情态动词时，仅用于否定句和疑问句，只有现在时，过去式要用neednt have，疑问式用need+人称?,否定式用need not(即neednt

28、）（1）You neednt have hurried.(=It was not necessary for you to hurry，but you did).2）做实义动词时，其变化与一般的实义动词相同，后接带to的不定式（need doing = need to be done ）,过去式用needed、did you need?和didnt need,肯定式用needs/needed/need, 疑问式用do、does、did提问，否定式要在前面加dont、doesnt、didnt（1）A job like nursing needs patience and understandin

29、g.(need+名词, need understanding=need to be understood,需要被理解)2. dare用法1）用于表示“敢于”之意。做情态动词，没有人称和数的变化，主要用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中（1）He darent admit this.2）用作实义动词时，其变化与一般的实义动词相同。在肯定句中，dare后接带to的不定式；否定句中，dare后既可接带to的不定式，也可接不带to的不定式。（1）Only a few journalists dared to cover the story.（2）He doesnt dare (to) go there

30、alone.例题1) I dont know whether he _ try.A. dare B. needs C. wants D. is allowed2) -Shall I tell John about it?- No, you _. Ive told him already.A. neednt B. wouldnt C. mustnt D. shouldnt3) Its a fine day. You _ take a raincoat with you. A. cant B. mustnt C. neednt D. may notKeys: 1)A 2)A 3)C注意didnt need to do, 意为“不必做某事”，如： We didnt need to take warm sweaters, as the weather was so good.neednt have done，意为“本不必做但实际上已经做了”，如： We neednt have taken warm sweaters. We could have used the space in our luggage for more books!NO.6 ought to1）表示“应该”之意（1）Ought I go now? Yes,