初中英语阅读能力培养校本课程.docx

1、初中英语阅读能力培养校本课程初中英语阅读能力培养校本课程昌乐外国语学校九年级一部葛文清高蕾 第一章、初中英语阅读文体【你知道吗？】英语阅读有不同的文体，而一篇文章的设题是受其文体限制的。所以，首先应该从文体角度来训练。初中阅读理解常用的体裁有： （一）故事类。初中生接触到的阅读材料大都是故事类。阅读故事类的材料，应该抓住人物线索、地点线索、时间线索和情节发展线索。特别注意的是，以上线索往往是并存的。因为情节的发展总是涉及到人物的变化、时间的推移、场景的变换等。而阅读材料后的阅读理解往往会围绕这些内容设计一些事实类的理解题。凡事实类的理解题都可以从阅读材料的表层文字中找到答案。在阅读故事类短文时

2、，应指导学生理解文章的深层含义，也就是它的主题。在此需要注意的是，现在的阅读理解题在测试事实类的理解题的同时，往往有一道推理类理解测试题 （二）科普类。科普类的阅读理解包含介绍科学知识、社会知识的短文。阅读这类短文时，要以事实为中心进行思考，抓住事物的特征、用途、相互关系等如果是介绍社会现象的文章，要掌握所谈现象的内涵。 （三）图表类。图表类短文是通过看图或表格等来了解某方面的情况。指导学生阅读这类材料时，主要从两方面入手；一是了解图表的主题，确定图表的主要内容，二是推敲本论文图画语言或数字，找出它们之间的关联或试图表达的含义。 （四）新闻类。报刊阅读应逐步成为中学生阅读的一个重要内容。由于新

3、闻报道强调遵循 5 个 W 和 1 个 H的原则，学生在阅读时也要抓住这一点去理解。【答题技巧】1记叙文抓住人物，地点，时间，情节发展线索。2.说明文要以事物为中心进行思考。抓住事物的特征，用途，相互关系等。【练一练】In the early 1990s,the word“Internet” was strange to most people. But today, Internet has become a useful tool for people all over the world. Maybe Internet has been the greatest invention in

4、 the field of communication in the history of mankind（人类）Communicating with others on the Internet is much faster. We can chat with a person who is sitting in the other part of the world. We can e-mail our friends and they can read the e-mails within a minute.Giving all kinds of information is proba

5、bly the biggest advantage of the Internet. We can use search engines to find the information we need. Just type in a keyword or keywords and the search engine will give us a list of suitable websites to look at.We can enjoy a lot on the Internet by downloading games, visiting chat rooms or surfing （

6、浏览）websites. There are some games for free .We can meet new and interesting people in the chat now. We can also listen to music and see films.Now，there is a lot of service on the Internet such as online banking ,job finding and ticket buying. We can also do shopping and find nearly all kinds of good

7、s. Sometimes we can find something that is quite good but very cheap.1. How many main advantages of the Internet are talked about in the passage?A. Three. B. Four. C. Five. D. Six.2. What fact doesnt the passage provide? 21世纪教育网 A. We can find almost anything we want to know on the Internet.B. Some

8、games on the Internet are free.C. We can buy most things we need on the Internet.D. Goods on the Internet are more expensive than those in real shops.3. Which title best gives the main idea of the passage?A. Online ShoppingB. Exchanging Information on the InternetC. The Advantages of the InternetD.

9、Surfing the Websites on the Internet答案: BDC【讨论交流】以上阅读理解材料是什么题材？如何做这种类型的题目？【小组评价】你的表现怎么样？你明白了吗?第二章、初中英语阅读教学大纲对阅读理解的要求【你知道吗？】初中英语教学大纲对学生阅读上的基本要求：1.能阅读难度相当于课文的材料，理解其大意。2.能独立阅读所学语言知识范围内的材料，生词率不超过3%。3.阅读速度要求每分钟50-70词。【答题技巧】1.快速浏览全文，掌握大意。2仔细审题，分析比较选项 。3带着问题复读，捕捉关键信息，解答问题。4再读全文，核对答案。【练一练】People often say t

10、hat the Englishmans home is his castle. They mean that the home is very important and personal to him. Most people in Britain live in houses rather than flats, and many people own their homes. This means that they can make them individual（个体的）;they can paint them, and change them in any way they lik

11、e. Most houses have a garden, even if it is a very small one, and the garden is usually loved. The house and the garden are the private（私人的）space of the individual.People usually like to mark their space. Are you sitting now in your home or on a train? Have you marked the space around yourself as yo

12、ur? If you are on the train you may put your coat or small bag on the seat beside you. If you share a flat you may have one corner or chair which is your own.Once I was travelling on a train to London. I was in a section for four people and there was a table between us .The man on the space on my si

13、de of the table at all. I was angry. Maybe he thought that he owned the whole table. I had read a book about non-verbal communication, so I took various papers out of my bag and put them on his briefcase! When I did this he stiffened and his eyes nearly popped(瞪出)out of his head. I had invaded(侵犯)hi

14、s space! A few minutes later I took my papers off his case in order to read them. He immediately moved his case to his side of the table. Of course, it is possible that he just wanted to be helpful to me!If you are visiting another country you may feel that you dont have any private space. Hotel roo

15、ms look much the same in every country in the world. All day long , you share public spaces with other people. You see the local people in their private spaces and you feel lonely and “outside” .Local people can create their private spaces by talking about things you dont know about .And you even fe

16、el that they like you to be outside them so that they will enjoy being inside even more! This is one of the difficulties of being a traveler! But if you understand it then it helps you .Havent you enjoyed being part of a group and “owning” a bit of space?1.The writer was angry as he was travelling o

17、n a train to London because_.A. he had no place to sit.B. someone had invaded his “space”C. too many people shared a section with himD. some other people talked about things he didnt know about2. “ you feel lonely and outside” in paragraph 4 means that_.A. you are alone outside the houseB. you feel

18、lonely because you travel on your ownC. you are alone and therefore you go outside to have some funD. you feel lonely and you dont belong to that place or that group of people3.In Paragraph 4 ,the pronoun “them” refers to（所指） “_”.A. public spaces B. private spaces C. local people D. other countries4

19、. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. British people dislike marking their space.B. You always feel at home in another country. C. Most British people prefer living in houses to flats.D. You cant mark your private space in a foreign country.5. The main purpose of the passage i

20、s to tell readers to _.A. own private spaces by living in housesB. have one corner of their own in public placesC. realize the importance of “space” in communicationD. create their private spaces by talking with local people答案:BDCCC【讨论交流】做以上题目你要注意什么？ 【小组评价】你学到了什么？第三章、初中英语阅读 题型【你知道吗？】从近几年的中考阅读理解情况看，短

21、文体裁多样，题材各异，文章涉及科学知识、社会文化、政治历史、人文环境和日常生活等方面，充分体现其时代性、实用性。短文难度逐年加大。常见题型有主旨题、细节题、推断题、猜测词义题和正误判断题。做阅读理解练习应先看问题，弄清考点。在阅读短文之前，快速浏览问题，以便在阅读短文时做到心中有数，快速、准确地捕捉所要信息。先易后难。做题时不必拘泥于书中所呈现的语篇顺序，应遵循先易后难的原则。如可先做细节题再做推断题，因为细节题大多能直接从文中找到答案，而推断题则需对短文进行深层理解，再作判断。一、主旨题主旨题主要考查学生对短文中心思想或作者意图的掌握。做此类题时，应通读全文，理解文章大意，充分理解主题句的意

22、义。短文往往围绕主题句展开，主题句通常出现在短文第一句或最后一句。二、细节题细节题是用来进一步表达主题，体现中心思想的，往往针对短文某个细节来设题。做此类题时，应快速捕捉信息，可能是一些事例、数字等，阅读时要有针对性。三、推断题推断题就是根据某个事实推断结论，主要考查学生的理解力和推断力。这类推断通常包括：数据事实推断、常识推断以及作者的写作目的、态度和倾向等的推断。做此类题时，应根据短文中的相关语句，对与事实有关的细节加以分析，找出线索，悟出字里行间的意思，反复比较，从而作出合乎逻辑的判断。四、猜测词义题猜测词义题主要考查学生根据上下文正确判断灵活变化的词义能力。一般情况下，推断词义的题目中

23、所出现的单词，大多数是学生未曾见过的生词，学生需要在该词出现的上下文中去寻找线索。通过阅读上下文，断定该词的真正含义，然后将这个释义代入文中，检查是否贴切，仔细比较直到得出该词的确切的含义。五、正误判断题正误判断题主要考查学生对文章的具体事实、信息的理解能力。一般是根据文章的事实或细节，给出一个句子，判断其正误。这类题比较直接，难度相对较小。做此类题时，应先看题，后带着“问题”快速阅读短文，寻找所需要的信息。在书写答案时，还要注意题目要求的限制（如：最多不超过5个词），也须正确书写单词的大小写、名词的单复数、动词的人称、时态、语态等。【答题技巧】（一）细节题 细节题就是指那些针对文章细节描写或

24、与文章情节发展相关的事实所设置的问题。这类题主要测试考生获取信息及对文章所提供信息的理解能力。 1设题方式 此类题型多数以特殊疑问词设问，设问的检测点针对某一具体行为、地点、时间、原因、方式、数量等。细节题是用来进一步表达主题，体现中心思想的，往往针对短文某个细节来设题。做此类题时，应快速捕捉信息，可能是一些事例、数字等，阅读时要有针对性。此类考查事实和细节的题目大多数是针对文章的细节设计的，其主要提问方式是： (1)Which of the following is right?(2)Which of the following is not mentioned?(3)Which of th

25、e following is Not True in the passage?(4)Choose the right order of this passage.(5)From this passage we know _2技巧点拨仔细阅读文章后的问题，根据问题中的关键词或词组，以此作为线索，返回文章查找相关的句子，用相关的这个句子对照选项，意思一致的就是答案。（1）题干定位法 细节题通常考查考生对于某些重要信息进行迅速、准确地寻找的能力。提问常常用特殊疑问词what,when,where,who,whose,how,why等引出。做这样的题，可以采用“题干定位法”，即先弄清楚题干问什么，然后

26、直接到文中寻找相关信息。带着问题去读文章，目的明确，容易抓住文中与问题相关的信息点。 （2）跳读捕捉信息法 针对这样的题目，同学们只要运用Skimming（略读）的方法，先整体上阅读文章，然后从原文中找到相关语句进行理解分析，就可以确定答案。要注意的是，不要孤立地理解单个句子，而要结合上下文语境来理解。（二）主旨题主旨题主要考查学生对短文中心思想或作者意图的掌握。做此类题时，应通读全文，理解文章大意，充分理解主题句的意义。短文往往围绕主题句展开，主题句通常出现在短文第一句或最后一句。主旨大意题旨在考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，也就是考查考生的归纳概括和综合阅读能力。这类试题包括要求

27、考生选出短文的标题（title,headline），短文或段落的主题（subject）、中心思想（main idea）等。 1设题方式 此类考查主旨和大意的题大多数针对段落(或短文)的主题，主题思想，标题或目的，其主要提问方式是：（1） The main idea of the passage is .（2） The passage mainly tells about . （3） What is the main idea of this passage? （4） What is the passage mainly talking about? （5） What does the seco

28、nd paragraph mainly tell us? （6） Which of the following is the best title for the passage? （7） The writers purpose in writing this story is . （8） What is the authors main purpose? （9） What is the advice given in the passage?2技巧点拨 这种题型要注意文章的首段和每段的首句或最后一句。一般说来阅读题没有标题，就会给学生了解文章的中心意思造成一定的困难，而文章的首段或每段的首句

29、 往往可能是文章或每段的中心，是作者要说明的对象或作者要阐述的观点，尾句是文章的结论或表达作者的意图、态度、目的。注意到这一点，才能抓住中心，为理解文章奠定良好的基础。 （三）推断题推断题就是根据某个事实推断结论，主要考查学生的理解力和推断力。这类推断通常包括：数据事实推断、常识推断以及作者的写作目的、态度和倾向等的推断。做此类题时，应根据短文中的相关语句，对与事实有关的细节加以分析，找出线索，悟出字里行间的意思，反复比较，从而作出合乎逻辑的判断。1设题方式 常以infer（推断），imply（暗示），suggest, conclude（推断），learn, intend（意指），mean,

30、describe, purpose等词提问。（1) We can guess the writer of the letter may be a _.（2) We can infer from the text that _.（3) From the story we can guess _.（4) What would be happy if ? （5) How did the writer feel at Vienna station?（6) The writer writes this text to _.（7) The writer believes that _.（8) The wr

31、iter suggests that _.2技巧点拨 （1）抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理 做此类试题要关于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即抓住某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断、利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。 （2）整合全文（段）信息进行推断 做推理题时，有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论。 （3）利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断 认真阅读原文并找出反映语境褒贬性变化的标志性词汇或句子，对我们掌握文章主旨大意，了解主人公的心理特点及发展变化，从而正确地进行逻辑推断很有好处。（4）根据上下文的逻辑得出结论 逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。 （四）猜测词义题猜测词义题主要考查学生根据上下文正确判断灵活变化的词义能力。一般情况下，推断词义的题目中所出现的单词，大多数是学生未曾见过的生词，学生需要在该词出现的上下文中去寻找线索。通过阅读上下文，断定该词的真正含义，然后将这个释义代入文中，检查是否贴切，仔细比较直到得出该词的确切的含义。1.猜测词义的解题方法有下列几种:(1)通过因果关系猜生词词义，首先是找出生词与上下文之