初中阅读理解讲解.docx

1、初中阅读理解讲解初中英语阅读理解1-细节理解题型分析阅读理解：在中考中占的比重很大。阅读理解能力属于语言的领会技能。包括对书面语言的识别、理解、推理、判断和快速记忆等几个方面。不仅仅涉及到语音、语法、词汇这些语言因素、还涉及到非语言因素，即：阅读者对所学语言国家的社会和文化背景知识的掌握、对所读材料内容的熟悉、个人经历、生活常识、逻辑知识和语言修养等各方面。阅读技巧之一 是阅读时要扩大视距。二 是不要心读或朗读；三 是要理解段落或文章的细节。四 是要学会猜测词义，五 要理解中心思想。六 要具备合理推理和判断的能力。 初中阶段阅读题重点考查的内容是事实认定、词语理解、数量计算，主要思想归纳等。而

2、从考查方式来看，则以直接型、转换型和归纳型的试题为主，需要依据文章事实和作者思路进行推理的题次之。 文章主旨和大意的考查。这类试题主要是考查对文章的理解程度，考查内容包括作者的写作目的，文章的中心思想等内容。考生只有读懂全文，才能选出正确答案。 细节和事实的考查。做此类试题一定要抓住事件发生的时间、地点、人物、发展过程和结局等环节，所选答案一定要符合原文，切不可望文生义。 词义或句义的考查。这些词句往往具有深层意义，要透过表层意义来理解深层意义，或根据句子的语法关系分析其含义，要反复琢磨，仔细推敲，弄清作者的真正意图，从而选择正确答案。遇到生词，要根据上下文和一定的构词法知识，如前缀、后缀来分

3、析、判断、猜测其词形和含义。 结论或推论性考查。这类考题答案的选择往往无所谓正确与错误之别，而是最佳与非最佳之别。因此，须读懂通篇文章，弄懂作者的写作要旨，按照文章的内容和逻辑关系，做出符合原文逻辑或主旨的结论或推论，才能选出最佳答案。 拟选题目考查。一篇文章究竟应加一个什么样的题目为最佳，主要取决于文章的内容，英语文章标题的特点一般多以短语或简单句为主。选择标题的一般标准是：一要切题，即能够概括出全文的主旨；二要简洁，即文字要简单明了。 阅读理解题型介绍： 1. 选择答案型阅读理解 2. 判断正误型阅读理解 3. 完成句子型阅读理解 4. 回答问题型阅读理解 阅读理解解题指导： 1. 客观信

4、息题 所谓“客观信息”，是指在短文中客观存在的事实，客观信息的答案一般都可以在原文中找到。完成客观信息题应注意以下三点： （1）辨认事实，注意细节 （2）同义转换，着重内涵 （3）把握数据，注意推算 在有关数据推算的试题中，根据短文所提供的数据进行必要的运算时所涉及的数学知识一般都比较简单，关键在于理解原文。 2. 主观判断题 一般来说，这类问题都不可能直接从原文中找到答案，必须根据原文提供的有关信息，进行合理的推理和判断才能回答。完成主观判断题能常应注意以下四点： （1）运用常识，合理判断 （2）根据情景，进行猜测 （3）利用情景，举一反三 （4）纵观全文，概括大意 3. 细节辨认题 文章的

5、中心思想或主题是通过一系列的事实、细节来说明和支持的，要透彻地理解段落、文章的中心思想，就必须理解文章中的重要事实和细节。只有真正理解了全部细节，才能深刻地领悟大意。细节理解题是对原文提到的某个事物，现象，或理论的考察，它主要考察是否能在快速阅读文章的同时，从中获取某些特定的直接信息，或理解特定信息的意义，理解短文细节分下面三个步骤： （1）首先找出文章或段落的中心思想。文章的中心思想主要体现在首句和尾句中，有时在文中的某一句话当中。 （2）寻找重要的事实与细节，不是所有的事实和细节都重要，那些与中心思想有关的事实和细节才重要。（3）检查已确定的事实与细节，看它们是否支持中心思想。如果这些事实

6、与细节不能支持中心思想，就说明原来所确定的中心思想不明确或者这些事实和细节没有找准。建议阅读方法：查读法查读是在读者对材料有所了解的情况下进行，查读的特点是带着问题寻找答案。（1）用略读的方法通读材料，对原文有个大概了解，掌握其主旨。（2）按照文章的体裁，如按记述文，说明文文，议论文等以及作者写作的组织模式以及有关的信息词，如：for example, first , second等预测应该在何处找到自己所需事实。（3）把主要精力放在你所寻找的细节上，仔细根据文章主旨大意理解所找细节选出最佳答案。细节理解题目常见的设问方式1.which of the following is true/fal

7、se/mentioned?2.what does the writer pay least attention to ?3.choose the right order of the event given in the passage?4.when did the story take place?5.how much should two adults pay if they go to the zoo?属于细节类的阅读理解题一般只针对某个特定的细节，题型可以多种多样，没有固定模式主要表现以下几种：1是非判断题常见的发问形式有：which of the following is/is no

8、t true? Which of the following is not mentioned?例一Sophia told us that Make-A-Wish is a worldwide organization in the United States in 1980. “Its a charity, which helps children who have got very serious, life-threatening illnesses. Make-A-Wish helps the children to feel happy even though they are il

9、l, by making their wishes and dreams come true,” Sophia explained. Which of the following is true about Make-A-Wish volunteers?A. They are important for making wishes come true.B. They try to help children get over their illnesses.C. They visit sick children to make them feel special.D. They provide

10、 what is necessary to make Maki-A-Wish popular.例二Life on land probably began about 430 million years ago, though it has existed in the water for perhaps as much as 3,000 million years. When we think of the first thing on land, we probably think of strange animals coming out of the oceans, but in fac

11、t no animals could have been living if plants had not been on land first. Plants had to be on land before animals arrived. They supplied the first land animals with the surrounding and food necessity, since they, the plants, are the only form of life that is able to get and store energy. The first p

12、lants to exist out of the water were probably certain kinds of algae（海藻）which were followed by other plants that grew close to the ground and needed water in which to reproduce.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A. Algae has existed for more than 430 million years.B.

13、It is impossible that algae might be the earliest plant on land.C. Plants get food from animals in the oceans.D. Evolution began after animals appeared on land例证题（考察文中所引用的例证的作用）例证题的标记：example,case,illustrate,illustration,exemplify(返回原文找出例证在原文中的位置)常见发问形式 The author gives the example in paragraph.in o

14、rder to_?例题1(2013湖南A) Planning a visit to the UK Here we help with ways to cut your costs.AVOID BIG EVENTS Big sporting events, concerts and exhibitions can increase the cost of accommodation and make it harder to find a room. A standard double room at the Thistle Brighton on the final Friday of the

15、 Brighton Comedy Festival (19 Oct.) cost 169.15 at B. A week later, the same room cost 118.15. If you can be flexible and want to know dates to avoidor youre looking for a big event to pass your timecheck out sites such as W, which allow you to search for events in the UK by city, date and category.

16、 The Brighton Comedy Festival is mentioned mainly to show big events may _.A. help travelers pass timeB. attract lots of travelers to the UKC. allow travelers to make flexible plansD. cause travelers to pay more for accommodation年代和数字关于年代和数字的考察通常分为两大类：直接考查和计算考查。对于前者根据文章信息能很容易确定答案，对于后者，首先要弄清问题问的是什么，然

17、后找到与它相关的数字和年代，对它进一步分析，整合，最后结合题干计算出正确答案。如：Visit Swansea Zoo Come and see the Indian elephants and the new tigers from America. The bears are waiting to meet you, and the monkeys from China are waiting to throw things at you. The lovely dogs from Australia are waiting to laugh at you, and the giraffes

18、 from Zambia are waiting to look down on you. Tickets Opening time Grown-ups: $ 3 9:00 am 4:00 pm Children: Over 12:$2 except Friday Under 12: Free 10:00 am 3:00 pm （ ）1. How much does Mr Smith have to pay if he visits the zoo with his sons of fourteen and ten? A. $2.00 b. $5.00 C. $4.00 D. $3.00 （

19、）2. Which of the following is the visiting time? A. 8:30 am, Wed B. 9:30 am, Fri C. 3:00 pm, Sun D. 4:00 pm, Tue 做此类题一要抓住有关的数据，二要从众多的信息中找出那些有用的信息，三要抓住一些关键词。实际上，上述两题都可看作数据推算题，一题是算钱，另一题是算时间。 通过阅读我们发现布告中的所有数据都是有用的，那么关键词是：grown-ups, children, over 12, under 12, opening time, except Friday。第一题中Mr Smith是成

20、人，须买3块钱的门票，他一个14岁的儿子需买2块钱的门票，另一个不满12岁的儿子可免票，所以Mr Smith先生需花5块钱，B是正确答案。第二题C是正确答案。例题1（2013四川A）Fun DayTo celebrate the Year of the snakeOrganised by Lam Tin Youth Centre and Kwun Tong High SchoolDate:2 February 2013Time:10 am5 pmPlace:Kwun Tong PlaygroundFee:$20 (buy three get one free)Programmes:drama,

21、 lion dance, magic show and ballet performanceHighlights:1) enter the lucky draw to win a digital camera 2) learn to make festival food Join us on the Fun Day! All are welcome! Free Soft DrinksNote:Tickets are available at the General Office of Lam Tin Youth CenterFor those who would like to be a vo

22、lunteer, please contact Miss Olivia Wong one week before the activity.33. How much do you have to pay in total if four of you go together?A. $20. B. $40. C. $60. D. $80.例题2（2012湖北C） It was a simple letter asking for a place to study at Scotlands oldest university which helped start a revolution in h

23、igher education. A 140-year-old letter written by a lady calling for her to be allowed tostudy medicine at St Andrews University has been discovered by researchers. Written by Sophia Jex-Blake in 1873, the seven-page document, which urged the university to allow women to study medicine at the instit

24、ution, was released yesterday on International Womens Day.When did St Andrews University begin to take full-time women students?A. In 1873. B. In 1874C.In 1877 D. In 1892相关定义以及对某个细节详细内容的发问（是谁，在哪里，什么时间，为什么，怎样等） 此类题型的问题以what、who、which、when、where、how或why等词引导，就文中某句、某段或某一具体细节设问并要求考生回答：如： The Internet can

25、 show you a lot of jobs all over the world. If you want to find a job on the Internet, use the words “job search”or“employment”to find the websites you need. （ ）What does the passage tell you to do first if you want to find a job on the Internet? A. To type in “job search”to find the websites. B. To

26、 write a good resume. C. To prepare for an interview D. To get an English dictionary 这是一道典型的事实询问题，因为它的答案可以直接从文段中找到。根据第二句话，可以得知A为正确答案。 解这类题的主要方法是：1. 明确题意。2. 寻找答案来源。3. 找准关键词。4. 反复阅读。例一：Some children are afraid to go to the dentist, but not me. Im a boy of 8 and I have a funny dentist. His name is Dr.

27、Smileyface. I dont think thats his real name, but thats what he tells all the children who come to see him. He has a cool waiting room. It has video games and a big toy box. Dr. Smileyface always wears funny hats. Sometimes he has his face painted. He asks funny questions like “Are you married yet?”

28、 and “Do you eat flowers to make your breath smell so sweet?” That makes me laugh. One time, he told me this joke, “What has lots of teeth but never goes to the dentist? A comb!” When I laughed, he pulled my tooth. It didnt hurt at all! He also teaches me how to take care of my teeth in an interesti

29、ng way. Before I leave, he always gives me a surprise. Last week he gave me a toy ship and I liked it very much.56. How does the writer feel when he goes to the dentist?A. Angry. B. Afraid. C. Sad. D. Happy.57. What does Dr. Smileyface teach the writer to do?A. How to laugh. B. How to take care of h

30、is teeth.C. To eat flowers. D. To paint his face.58. What did Dr. Smileyface give the writer last week?A. A toy ship. B. A toy box. C. A comb. D. Flowers初中阅读理解2-主旨大意题型主旨大意题型主要考察学生对短文主题思想或文章梗概的掌握和理解，主旨大意题常见的设问方式： What does the passage mainly talk about? What is the main idea of this passage? What doe

31、s the writer want to tell us?What is the best title of this passage?主题句（1）寻找主题句每一篇文章都有它的主题句，而每一个段落也各有主题句，它一般都用来表示一篇文章或一个段落的主旨大意。因此，找出文章和各段落的主题句是解题的关键。抓住了主题句，文章的最佳标题也就不难确定了。主题句一般是一段的第一句或末尾一句，偶尔在一段的中间。我们在阅读非故事性文章如科普文的时候，主题句尤为明显。有些段落，我明显的引出细节的信息词，如：for example, an example of , the most important example, first, second, next, then , last, finally , to begin with , besides that 等，在阅读中。应该尽量利用这些信息词来确定