句子成分和句子结构讲解 有答案.docx

1、句子成分和句子结构讲解 有答案句子成分一主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。1.请找出下列句子的主语并指出什么（词，短语或句子）可以充当主语。The sun rises in the east. （名词）He likes dancing. （代词）Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式）What he needs is a book. （主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is ro

2、und and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）常见错误分析2：动词及其短语在作句子的主语时，只能使用其to do 或 doing 的形式。其中不定式强调具体的某一次的动作，-ing 强调经常发生的动作。改错：1.play computer games does no good to us.2.Have a walk in the street is her hobby.3.Go home at once is his decision 4.Make more friends will do good to us.5.Im like computer v

3、ery much.6.The story was happening the year before last.二宾语：1动作的承受者-动宾请找出下列句子的宾语并指出什么可以充当宾语。I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词）How many do you need? We need two. （数词）I enjoy working with you. （动名词）I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）2介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾Are you afraid

4、 of the snake/me/fighting? 3双宾语-间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）He gave me a book yesterday. 常见错误分析1：介词后跟宾语时，必须为：名词、代词、ing 或wh型的连接词引导的从句。改错： I am fond of play basketball. Hes crazy about read story books. I am sorry for late.I felt terribly sad for absent from class.2：动词及其短语在作句子的主语或宾语时，只能使用其to do 或 doing 的形式。其中不定式强调具体

5、的某一次的动作，-ing 强调经常发生的动作。改错：I enjoy make friends with everyone.He wanted go home at once. 三表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词之后。英语中常见的系动词及其分类。状态系动词：用来表示主语状态：即be 。常译为是持续系动词：用来表示主语的继续或保持某种状况或态度，主要包括remain、keep、stay、lie 、stand 、exist等。常译为保持，依然是I hope you will keep fit. We can remain friends. Please stay seate

6、d变化系动词：用来表示主语变成什么样，主要包括：become 、grow 、turn 、get 、fall 、 go 、come 、run 等。常译为变得He went mad. His hair turned grey. I fell ill.结果系动词：表示主语对应的结果，主要有：prove to be ,turn out to be。常译为结果是seem 、 appear 、look.感官系动词：主要有feel 、smell 、sound 、 taste ， seem 、 appear 、look。Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.The fo

7、od smells delicious. The food tastes good.Now I feel tired.请找出下列句子的宾语并指出什么可以充当宾语。He is a teacher. （名词） Seventy-four! You dont look it. （代词）Five and five is ten.（数词） He is asleep. （形容词） His father is in. （副词） The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语)My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）To wear a flo

8、wer is to say “Im poor, I cant buy a ring. （不定式）The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）常见错误分析：1：动词及其短语在作句子的表语时，需用其非谓语形式，其中 to do 表将来的主动性动作，doing 表正在进行的主动性动作，有时也用作形容词表示主语所具有的特征；done 表示被动的已完成的动作。选择： My hobby is basketball.A: play B: playing C: to play D: played The dog was so in that toy.A: int

9、eresting B: interested C: to interest D: interest My plan is home immediately. A: go B: to go C: gone D: going.Kity was at everything he saw.A: surprising B: surprise C: surprised D: to surprise I was at my grades.A: disappointed B: disappoint C: disappointing D: to disappoint 2：名词、代词做表语时，其数必须和主语保持一

10、致。改错：We are student.These are panda.Its birds.3：表语常用形容词，而不用其副词形式。改错：（1）He is sadly.（2）He is friendly to everyone. （3）The food smells bad but it tastes well.(4)One year later, he turned a writer. (a)(5)As time went on, his idea was proved right.四谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。1：实义动词及其短语作谓语A stitch in t

11、ime saves nine.2：情态动词+动词原形作谓语The law can not make all men equal ,but they are equal before the law.3：助动词+实义动词或系动词（多为动词原形）作谓语Youd better go now ,or youll be late for the interview.4：系动词+表语作谓语常见错误分析：1：系动词+表语（名、代、介、形、副、非谓语）才能构成完整的谓语。注意谓语一定要有动词的参予来完成。改错。He at home now.I against / for the plan.I in favor

12、 of this idea.The light on / off then.He dead now.I fond of pandas.He always interested in English.The book worth reading.I eager to get your help.The girl dressed in white then. My plan to do some shopping today. I into playing table tennis. My aim to teach you well. Tom devoted to his job then.2：

13、情态动词和助动词虽有实义，但不能单独做谓语，必须和实义动词或系表结构一起构成复合谓语，尤其表语是形容词、副词、介词、时出现错误最多，处理方式是在表语前添加合适的系动词，多为be的合适形式。改错：You cant late again.He may at home.He must away now.Tom may dead now.John must from the USA.In my opinion ,he will well soon.He didnt against the plan.Mao has dead for 32 years.They didnt through the for

14、est.五补足语：用于补充说明其他的句子成分。有主补、和宾补两种，用于补充说明主、宾所处的状态、性质、特征等。宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。请找出下列句子的宾补并指出什么可以充当宾补。1. He found his new job boring. (形容词作宾补)2. The called their daughter Mary. (名词作宾补)3. This placed her in a very difficult position. (介词短语作宾补)4. We went to here house but found her out. (副词作宾补)5. What do yo

15、u advise me to do？(不定式作宾补)6. We thought him to be an honest man. (tobe作宾补)7. He believed them to have discussed the problem. (不定式的完成式作宾补)8. He believed her to be telling the truth. (不定式的进行式作宾补)9. Did you notice him come in？(不带to的不定式作宾补)10. I saw her chatting with Nancy. (现在分词作宾补)11. He watched the p

16、iano carried upstairs. (过去分词作宾补)注意1：在这个结构中，可以出现用it作形式上的宾语，把真正的宾语放在宾语补足语的后面。在此结构中，宾语常常是动词不定式或宾语从句。 He felt it his duty to mention this to her. 分析：it是形式宾语，his duty是宾语补足语，to mention this to her是真正的宾语。I think it best that you should stay with us. 分析：it是形式宾语，best是宾语补足语，that you should stay with us是真正的宾语。

17、主补：对主语的补充。He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.to do , doing , -ed 作补语的区别。注意2：-ing 作宾补表示正在进行的动作，强调动作的一部分；若宾语是动作的发出者，用其主动式，若宾语是动作的承受者用其被动式。to do 作宾补强调动作的全过程，若宾语是动作的承受者，用其被动式；若宾语是动作的发出者，用其主动式。ed 作宾补表示已完成的动作，宾语是动作的承受者。选择：(1)He rais

18、ed his voice to make himself.A ：hear B : heard C : hearing D: to hear (2)I couldnt do my homework with all that noise on.A : go B going C gone D to go (3)I saw him nothing at the meeting from beginning to end.A say B said C saying D to say (4)The thief came in , with his hands.A tying B tied C tie D

19、 to tie 注意3：有些动词后跟不定式时需省去符号 to ： watch , observe , see , look , look at , notice ; hear ,listen to , make , have , let , feel ,help 可带可不带。六定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。请找出下列句子的定语并指出什么可以充当定语。Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He is our friend. （代词）We belong to the third world. （数词） He was advised to tea

20、ch the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）The man over there is my old friend.(副词) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）The trees planted last year are growing well now.（过去分词） I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）You should do everything that I do. （定

21、语从句）注意1：名词作定语时，须用其单数形式，不可用其所有格或复数形式。在变为复数时，只变被修饰的名词，man 或woman 作定语时，则两者都变。a shoe shop mens teachers 注意2：在表示只有一人担任的头衔、职务的名词在作句子的表语、同位语、补足语、介词宾语时，不加冠词：常见的名词有： president , captain , monitor , headmaster , head-teacher , head , manager 等We elected Hu president of China.常见错误分析：1：单个形容词作定语修饰不定代词时，需要后置2：表语形

22、容词作定语时常后置如：awake 、afraid 、 asleep、 ashamed 、alike 等。He was the only person awake at that time.3：当else 作形容词修饰不定代词或疑问代词如：who 、what 、which等时要后置I have something else to say.4：表示长、宽、 高、深等度量的形容词作定语时常后置。This is a room five meters wide.5：有些形容词如present 、adopted 、concerned 、 absent 、opposite等既可前置也可后置，但意义不同：pr

23、esent adj: 前置：目前的 现在的 后置：出席的What do you think of the present government ?The people present are mostly famous scientists.adopted adj : 前置： 收养的后置： 采用的He is an adopted son.Whats your solution adopted ?concerned adj: 前置 ：担心的 关心的。后置 ：有关的There is a concerned expression on her face.T he persons concerned

24、are to be punishedabsent adj : 前置： 心不在焉的。后置： 缺席的Jack sat at the desk in an absent way.The workers absent must make up for the meeting.opposite adj : 前置 ：相反的。后置 ：对面的The bird flew away in the opposite direction.he shop opposite sells apples.overseas 既是adj 又是 adv 作定语时意义不同Overseas students =students fro

25、m overseas 外国留学生Students overseas =students who are overseas 出国留学生responsible前置意为“负责任的”，后置意为负责的，掌管的“。如：a responsible man 意为“一位负责任的人”，a man responsible则意为“一位负责人”involved前置意为“复杂的”，后置意为“涉及的，相关的”如：the people involved 意为“所涉及的人” ，the involved story意为“复杂的经历”七状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子。状语用副词,不用形容词请找出下列句子的

26、状语并指出是什么状语。I will go there tomorrow. (时间) The meeting will be held in the meeting room. (地点)The meat went bad because of the hot weather. (原因)He studies hard to learn English well. (目的)He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam. (结果)I like some of you very much. (程度) If you study hard, you wi

27、ll pass the exam. (条件)He goes to school by bike. (方式) Though he is young, he can do it well. (让步)常见错误分析：1：副词作状语时，用以修饰动词、形容词、或句子；形容词作补足语时用来补充说明主、宾所的状态、性质、特征。选择：He found the question difficult / difficultly I think it impossible / impossibly for us to defeat them physically.He worked hard / hardly to

28、realize his dream.All made it easy /easily for us to enter a key university.Dressed in nothing ,the emperor walked in the street proud / proudly.The question is great /greatly different from that one.This room is the same size /big as that one.2：分词及不定式作状语时，须贺逻辑主语保持一致，逻辑主语多为句子的主语。In order to make our

29、 city green .A: its necessary to have planted more trees.B: many more trees need to be planted.C: our city needs more trees D: we must plant more trees. time ,hell become a writer.A: Given B : Giving C: To give D: Having given While watching TV , A: the doorbell rang B: the doorbell rings C: we hear

30、d the doorbell ring D: we heard the doorbell rings as a means of traffic in china ,the bike is very useful.A: used B: using C: To use D: use 八、同位语：指两个或两个以上的词语指同一个事物作同一个句子成分。Its my friend ,John.（名词）Myra herself had got a medal for her work for the aged代词His old dream of going round the world came back， but this time he would sail （介词of引出动名词作同位语）The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true从句九、插入语： 是对一句话，某一个词或词组做些附加的解释或说明有时表达说话者的态度和看法；有时起强调作用；有时是为了引起对方的注意；还可以起转移话题或说明事由的作用；也可以承上启下，使句子衔接得更紧密一些，通常用逗号与其它成分隔开，且和其他句子成分没有语法上的联系，将它删掉后，句子结构依然完整。To tell you th