Manhattan语法第五版中文笔记.docx

1、Manhattan语法第五版中文笔记 Manhattan语法（第五版）中文笔记 by equalgirl 目录一 总原则二 意思与简洁三 主语与谓语(主谓一致)四 平行五 代词六 修饰语七 动词（时态，语气，主被动）八 比较九 习语十 简洁平行（高阶）十一 代词修饰语（高阶）十二 动词比较（高阶）附：固定搭配词组一、SC 的做题方法与原则1不是找对的，而是选最好的。2方法：排除法，首先在稿纸上写下所有选项，然后根据一些相似性将答案大致分组，根据各组的不同特点划去错误的，比较剩余选项，针对区别进行判断，剩下最好的。要点：读句子，懂意思，找出划线与未划线的关系。看选项，先找出不同，肯定多于2处。从

2、最好入手的比较开始排除，优先主谓一致，单复数，平行，代词，时态。最后代入句子检查尤其注意划线与未划线是否一致。要最快速的排除并选出答案，而不要纠结于每个错误。3做改错题时，首先应通读句子，找出句子中能帮助做题的关键词。在很多情况下，句子中帮助做题的关键词离划线部分会很远。4GMC 原则：grammar, meaning and concision, including：主谓一致，平行，代词，修饰，动词时态、语态和主被动，比较和习惯用法二、意思与句子简洁GMAT改错题关键的三个要点，顺序依次为：STEP 1、首先看有无语法错误（习惯说法不一定正确）STEP 2、看意思表达是否准确（不会读2遍以上

3、才明白也不会产生歧义）STEP 3、是否简洁（能用6个词不要用10个词）（一） 意思1正确用词Economic-经济的； economical-节约的；合算的；有效的Aggravate-加重，恶化； aggravating-令人愤怒的Known as 被认为是，很著名； known to be-被承认；known forLoss of 失去；loss in-贬值Mandate-命令；have a mandate-拥有选举权Native of- （人）来自；native to 物种起源于Range of 多种的； ranging-变化 Rate of 速度或频率； rates for 价格Ris

4、e 上升,形容无方向，单纯上升； raise-（打赌或工资）上涨，有方向Such as 比如； like-好像（举例只能用such as, 不能用like）Try to do 努力去完成； try doing 尝试去做 impale-刺穿；impel-逼迫2情态动词（1）当原句意思上没有问题时，忠实原句，不做任何修改，即使修改过来也成立。Actual: If Chris and Jed met, they DISCUSSED mathematics.Hypothetical: If Chris and Jed met, they WOULD DISCUSS mathematics.（2）当原句

5、意思上有问题时，要替换为相对好点的那个。EG：should 在GMAT中表示“道德上的义务”，而不是“好像”的意思，所以当原句意思有法律法规的时候不能用should只能用must。而且在GMAT里，should 不等于likely3词在句中的位置（1）要关注一些重点词，all, only；位置不同句子意思也不一样。EG: ONLY the council votes on Thursdays. The council votes ONLY on Thursdays.（2）关注句子的整体顺序，是否会产生歧义；EG：主被动语序强调的对象不同。（3）在英语中，一般主语会放在谓语前面，因此一般不会用倒

6、装结构，除非开头是否定词。定语从句中，一般不用倒装。例如：OG129。 (4) 句子中，主语，谓语，代词要一致4搭配句子各成分是搭配在一起才有意义。（二） 简洁1简洁是GMAT 最后考到的点，只有在语法和意思都无误的情况，才选择最简洁的；换言之，如果语法无问题，即使很长也会比一个语法有问题，很短的句子好。2GMAT语法题中，如果一个词可以搞定的意思，不要用一个短语，EG: differ好于have difference inWordy: They HAVE DIFFERENCES over THE WAY IN WHICH the company should MAKEINVESTMENTS

7、in new technologies.Better: They DIFFER over HOW the company should INVEST in new technologies.3切忌冗余：(1) 在一个句子中，不要用两个意思一样的词Rise-increase; sum-total; regain-again; enable- be able to; attempt-try;other than- opposite; drop-decrease; sufficient-enough;including-among； have to require 及近义词then-later; s

8、o-in order to(2) 注意being、having，虽然二者大多数情况是错的，但GMAT也通常会制造一些其他的语法错误，使得此类选项稍好一点。（being除了2种情况1，介词being done;2,进行时被动语态 be being done）(3) 注意修饰时间的词在一个句子里的重复过去：previously; formerly; in the past; before now现在：now; currently; presently; at present;每年的：annual; each year; a yearEG: OG12 unaccompanied是不好的表达，意思不如

9、not accompanied 清晰；另外关于什么的增长，一般的用法是increase in sth，而不是increased sth12th Edition: 8, 12, 16, 17, 21, 31, 37, 39, 49, 57Verbal Review: 2, 13, 57, 76 OR 2nd Edition: 3, 18, 22, 36, 54, 72Eg.27页习题三、主语与谓语(主谓一致)每一个句子都必须有一个主语和谓语（动词），且主语和谓语要一致。（一）连词开头的句子一定要有主句，否则是错误的。EG: Because the dog was never mine. 错误，缺

10、乏一个主句（二）主语和谓语从逻辑上一定要合理,比如抽象名词不能行走和说话，且主语和谓语在单复数上要一致。当不清楚主语是否应该是单数/复数的时候，看宾语，想造成这个宾语的主语是什么样的EG: The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling. (development不能够不加油就跑几百miles)e.g. The discovery of new medicines (was/w

11、ere) vital to the companys growth.若不知道主语是否单复，就想是什么造成公司的上涨。肯定是一件事。所以是单数（三）容易引起主语不明显的两个情况1. 插入语：在主语和谓语之间插入一些说明的成分 介宾短语（of,for by,in,with,at,to,on,from 后面的词不是主语可以忽略） e.g. Near Galway, the houses on the road to Spiddle is/are gorgeous. （NEAR Galway）, the HOUSES （ON the road TO Spiddle ）ARE gorgeous. 2前置

12、短语：在主语之前放一些修饰成分EG: (when the auditors left), the executive (who had been interviewed) was glad.说明：从句始终只是句子中辅助的成分，类似大形容词，大名词或大副词3某些动词-ing形势做形容词，或者动词-ed做形容词，或者用逗号来隔开的，来修饰主语的，可以忽略，e.g. （Limping, ）the horse （once considered one of the favorites） was/were taken away. 4一个句子中有多个动词和主语的，要找好对应关系，再判断单复数。（四）and

13、 和表示连接的词1 and 连接几个不同的名词的时候构成复数结构，谓语动词要用复数。2其他连接性的词（along with, in addition to, as well as, together with, including）虽然也表达“and”的意思，但是连接不同的名词，只是起着修饰的作用，不会改变主语的单复数，不影响谓语动词。e.g. Joe, as well as his friends, IS going to the beach. Mathematics, in addition to history and science, IS a required subject.3.

14、一些表示学科的词（physics, mathematics）、一些活动有氧运动（aerobics）和一些疾病糖尿病（diabetes）虽然以S结尾，仍属于单数名词，谓语动词用单数。注：有且只有“and”可以将单数主语改编成复数主语。其他添加伴随连接词（如2所示）的单数主语，依然是单数主语。（五）either or, neither nor1. 就近原则：离谓语动词近的是单数，谓语动词就用单数；复数就用复数EG: Neither the coach nor the players are going to the beach.Neither the players nor the coach I

15、S going to the beach.2. 若仅仅只有either or neither, 没有or 、nor，则谓语动词一定要用单数（六）集合性名词：在GMAT中一般被认为是单数名词，看做一个整体，跟单数谓语People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd （群众）orchestra（乐队）, team Items: baggage, citrus（橙类）, equipment（设备）, fleet（舰队小河）, fruit, furniture（家具）e.g. The CROWD in the stands IS cheer

16、ing loudly as the home TEAM TAKES the field. Our ARMY of a hundred thousand soldiers IS attacking the enemy.（七）非限制性的代词，一般用单数Anyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody, nothing, each, every, someone, somebody,something, everyone, everybody,everything,whatever, whoever,eitheror.;neithernor.*特殊情况，如果遇到“S

17、ANAM”需要根据后面的“OF的介宾短语”中的名词内容确定谓语的单复数*1Some, 谓语单复数，取决于SOME后面的词的单复数。需要看介宾短语词！EG: Some of the money was stolen from my wallet. Some of the documents were stolen from the bank.2any, none, 谓语一定是单数。其中，not one 永远是单数e.g. Not one of my friends IS here this weekend.3all ,more/most, part,half,谓语要看后面的介宾短语中的名词单复数

18、。（八）each & every 两个词如果放在复数主语之前用复数，复数主语之后用单数EG: every dog and cat has paws. They each are great tennis players.（九）量词A number of +复数主语+复数谓语（a number of 可以看成是some/many）The number of +复数/单数主语+单数谓语Majority（多数）, minority（少数民族少数）, and plurality（多数）则这些词既可以是单数也可以是复数 根据其修饰的主语（of 后面的词）决定其单复数。通常表示一个大群体的一部分时，用复数

19、。（十）短语或者从句：用单数1-ing的短语做主语，用单数Having good friends S a wonderful thing.2从句做主语，用单数Whatever they want to do IS fine with me.3注意：当判断倒装句的单复数，要看谓语动词后名词（主语）的单复数EG: near those buildings sits a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.定语从句内结构最好不用倒装OG 68： sth that be,当前面的sth做主语的时候， that be一般要省略，否则不符合英文表达习惯；另外，诸如ev

20、idence之类的词，后面要跟that从句。（十一）倒装：主语的单复数向后看1. Wrong: Near those buildings SIT a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.Right: Near those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.2. Wrong: There IS a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.Flip it! A young man and an older woman ARE there

21、at the bus stop.Right: There ARE a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.3. Uncertain: Pong is a classic game from which have/has descended many current computerpastimes.Flip it! Pong is a classic game from which many current computer pastimes HAVE descended.Right: Pong is a classic game from

22、 which HAVE descended many current computer pastimes.12th Edition: 2, 5, 13, 27, 45, 60, 66, 68, 78, 84, D41Verbal Review: 8, 16,24,34,35,59,77 OR 2nd Edition: 10, 11, 14,20,34,35,65（十二）当不能确定是否是单复数时候，大多是单数。（当GMAT迷惑我们的时候，大都是单数）四、平行结构（一）平行结构的标志词最重要的三个平行连接词：And, both and, or, either or; neither nor, no

23、t but, not only but also, rather than, from to 前后连接的A和B必须词性相同，结构一致，甚至“数”一致（二）平行元素1有时候be, can, to会被省略掉，2但是从句开头的“引导此不可以省略，即使引导词一样”； W rong: I want to retire to a place WHERE I can relax AND I pay low taxes.Right: I want to retire to a place WHERE I can relax AND WHERE I pav low taxes.3同时引导词也可以不一样！Righ

24、t: There are many people WHO speak English BUT WHOSE parents do not.4但是“引导词”前面的词不可以省略！Wrong: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND WHO are not.Right: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND THOSE WHO are not.此句中“those”不能省略，但是“popular”可以省略。（三）AND：1通常逗号原则。A and BA ,B，and C/A,B,C,and D2特殊逗号原则当连

25、接两个元素是长de独立句子时候，会用A，and BI really like candy apples, AND I eat them often.3分层并列无论并列的元素有多少，同一个并列连词连接的必须结构相似，词性相同！可以在一个句子同时用不同的并列连词，表示不同的层次。Right: She argues THAT the agency acts WITH reckless abandon AND WITH disregard for human life AND property. AND THAT it should therefore be shut down.（四）一些常见的并列习

26、语（五）句子中的动词不一样都平行，很有可能是动词的-ing或者-ed形势，表示伴随（六）系动词两边的成分要并列：表达的是“主语是什么主语在什么情况下”Wrong: The bouquet of flowers WAS a giving of love.Right: The bouquet of flowers WAS a gift of love.Wrong: Upon being nominated, this politician REPRESENTS a step forward in urban-rural relations in this country.Right: The no

27、mination of this politician REPRESENTS a step forward in urban- rural relations in this country.12th Edition: 6, 11, 14, 15,22,24,26,28,29,36,42,46,52, 53, 55, 56, 62, 65, 72, 77,81, 83, 88, D36, D39, D46Verbal Review: 1, 4, 6, 11, 22, 25, 27, 46, 47, 51, 52, 56, 62, 64, 66, 70OR 2nd Edition: 1,2,4,

28、5,7,15,17,24,26,27,45,46,49,52,53,58,60,61, 63, 67五、代词代词是GMAT中最常见的考点，每次见到介词的时候都应检查指代是否清晰。（一）先行词必须存在注意有些名词是作为形容词、所有格在用，这样的名词不能作为先行词；名词作为先行词的条件是该名词一定要具备名词功能。EG: The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastatingto it. It无指代对象，因为park在此处是形容词，真正的主语是park rangers。（二

29、）先行词和代词并同时有意义将代词换为先行词，该句子必须还是有意义，说的通EG: (错)Although the term ”supercomputer” may sound wonderful, it is simply and machine that can execute tril- lions of calculations every second.（对）: Although the term supercomputer may sound fanciful or exaggerated, it simply REFERS TO an extremely fast mainframe

30、 that can execute tril- lions of calculations every second.此处,it指代就有问题,“term”不是机器，“term”指的是机器。所以要用“refer to”（三）代词的指代必须清晰每一个代词都只能有一个清晰的先行词，如有多个的话，指代是模糊的。（四）代词和先行词的单复数必须一致,GMAT为了迷惑，会在主语和主句前面，加上从句，比如：along with/by,要找到真正的主语。（五）格1代词主格可用做主语：I, you, she, he, it , we, they , who2代词宾格用作宾语：me, you, him , her,

31、 it, us, them, whom3所有格：my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our ,ours, their（常考）, theirs, whose4重要考点：（1）代词在句子主语的位置上，通常会被认为指代与其平行句子的主语。EG: Supernovas destroy their immediate environments in vast explosions, BUT by synthesizing heavy chemical elements, THEY provide the universe with the possibility of biochemistry-based life as we know it.（2）一般所有格代词只能指代所有格名词，不能指代主格和宾格。EG: Wrong: The board is investigating several executives compensation