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英语从句复习.docx

1、英语从句复习一:从句概说 从句是相对于主句而言的,即它是从属于某一个主句,而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中,主要有三大类从句,即名词性从句(包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句)、形容词性从句(即定语从句)、副词性从句(即状语从句, 包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等)。1. 主语从句用作主语,如: That the earth is round is true. 地球为圆的是真实的。2. 宾语从句用作宾语。如: Do you know where he lives?3. 表语从句用作表语,如: My opinion is that you should not go

2、alone. 我的意见是你不应单独前往。4. 同位语从句用于解释说明前面的名词。如: The fact that the earth is round is true. 地球是圆的的事实是真实的。(that从句用于解释说明the fact)5. 定语从句相当于一个形容词,用于修饰前面的名词或代词。如: The student who answered the question was John. 回答问题的学生是John. 6. 状语从句相当于一个副词,如: When it rains, I usually go to school by bus. 天下雨时,我通常坐公共汽车上学。(时间状语)

3、二:名词性从句 主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句在复合句中起名词的作用,所以这四种从句合称名词性从句。它们在主句中充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语,都不能用逗号与主句分开。名词性从句的三要素1. 引导词 引导名词性从句的引导词可分为三类:(1) 连词: that (无任何词意) whether, if (均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性) as if ,as though (均表示“好像”,“似乎”) 以上在从句中均不充当任何成分 (2) 连接代词: what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, which, whichever ,whos

4、e(3) 连接副词: when, where, how, why既然是引导词,所以这些词就总是位于名词性从句的最前面。(1). 连词 that 只起连接作用,没有任何意思,也不充当句子成分,在宾语从句中可省略,但引导其他名词性从句时通常不省略。如: I hope (that) you enjoy your holiday. 希望你假期过得好。That he likes you is very obvious. 很显然他喜欢你。(2). 连词 whether 也不充当句子成分,但有自己的意思,表示“是否”:引导宾语从句时,可换成 if,但引导其他名词性从句时不能换成 if。如:He asked

5、whether if I would show him the way. 他问我是否可以给他带路。 Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 是否对我们有害还要看一看。(引导主语从句,不能用 if 代替 whether)(3). 连接代词 who(m), whose, which, what 等,均有各自的意义,在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。如: Tell me which one you like best. 告诉我你最喜欢哪一个。(4). 连接副词 when, where, how, why 等,也各自有自己的意义,在从句中作状语。如:

6、The question is how we should carry out the plan. 问题是怎样执行这个计划。 When shell be back depends much on the weather. 她什么时候回来在很大程度上要看天气。Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever. 他为什么这样做将永远是一个谜。名词性从句的重要引导词(1). what 用于引导名词性从句是一个十分重要的引导词,它可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,但不用于引导同位语从句。它引导的名词性从句有两个意思是:一是表示“ 什么”,带有疑问意味;二是表示“所

7、的”,相当于一个先行词后接一个关系代词。如: I dont know what you want. 我不知道你想要什么。I dont know what you want is this. 我不知道你所想要的是这个。(2). what 引导名词性从句时可用作限定词,其后修饰名词。如: I gave him what books I had. 我把我所有的书都给他了。 He gave me what money he had about him. 他把身边带有的钱全给了我。注:what 后的名词可以是复数名词或不可数名词,但通常不能是单数可数名词,并且后接不可数名词时,有时可有little修饰,

8、两者的区别是:what+不可数名词=所有的都,what little+不可数名词=虽少但全部。如: What friends she has are out of the country. 她有的那些朋友全在国外。 We gave him what (little) help we could. 我们给了他我们力所能及的帮助。(3). whoever, whatever, whichever 等也可引导名词性从句,其意分别为“所的一切事或东西”、“任何的人”、“的任何人或物”等。如: Whoever wants the book may have it. 任何人要这书都可拿去。 Ill do

9、whatever I can to help him. 我们将尽我们所能来挽救他。 Buy whichever is cheapest. 买最便宜的。 不可省略的连词:1. 介词后的连词2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。 That she was chosen made us very happy. We heard the news that our team had won.whether与if 均为是否的意思。 但在下列情况下,whether 不能被if 取代:1. whether引导主语从句并在句首2. 引导表语从句 3. whether从句作介词宾语4. 从句后有or n

10、ot Whether he will come is not clear.大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用 it充当形式主语。It is not important who will go.It is still unknown which team will win the match.2. 语序名词性从句都必须与陈述句语序相同,即“主语谓语”。事实上,任何一种从句,其语序都必须与陈述句的语序相同。名词性从句的词序与陈述句语序相同,尤其注意那些由连接代词who(m), whose, which, what 和连接副词 when, where, how, why 等引导的名词性从句

11、,不要受它们在特殊疑问句中用法的影响而误用疑问句词序。如: Why was she crying? 她为什么在哭? I dont know why she was crying. 我不知道她为什么哭。3. 时态若主句的谓语动词是一般现在时时,宾语从句的谓语动词可根据情况使用各种时态;若主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理,其谓语动词也必须用某种过去时态。(1). 当主句的谓语动词是过去式时,宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理,其谓语动词也必须用某种过去时态。如: She said (that) she didnt want to know. 她说她不想知道。 I aske

12、d her whether she would agree. 我问她是否会同意。(2). when, if 这两个词既可引导名词性从句,也可引导状语从句。当它们引导名词性从句且表示将来意义时,要直接使用将来时态;但当它们引导状语从句且表示将来意义时,则必须用一般现在时表示将来意义。如: I dont know when he will come, but when he comes, Ill call you. 我不知道他什么时候,但当他来的时候,我会打电话给你。句中第一个when 引导的是宾语从句,故用将来时态表示将来意义;第二个when 引导的是时间状语从句,故用一般现在时表示将来意义。(

13、一):主语从句1、 定义:在复合句中作主语的从句叫做主语从句。主语从句通常由连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词when,where,how,why等词引导。that在从句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,并在从句中充当成分。例如: What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。It is kno

14、wn to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。 Why he left wasnt important. (wasnt是主句的谓语动词,why he left做主语从句) That she became an artist may have been due to her fathers influence. (may have been due是主句的谓语动词,that s

15、he became an artist做主语从句)2、 借助形式主语it,主语从句放在后面有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下:(1) It + be + 名词 + that从句(2) It + be + 形容词 + that从句(3) It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句(4) It + 不及物动词 + that 从句另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”,常用的句型有:It is necessar

16、y (important, natural, strange, etc.) that It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that主语从句常放在句尾而用 it 作形式主语使句子更加平衡,这时口语中常省略 that, 如上面第一句改成“It is evident (that) mathematics finds its use in every science.”更好。 在下列情况下必须把主语从句放在句尾而用 it 作形式主语: 1 主句

17、谓语是被动语态时,如: It is said that he is a good doctor. 2 主句是疑问句或感叹句时,如: Is it true that the film star will come? How wonderful it is that well visit the Great Wall tomorrow. 3 主句谓语动词是 appear, turn out, happen, occur, come, strike, follow, matter 等时,如: It happened that she had a cold and didnt go with us t

18、hat day. It turned out that I was wrong. 4 表示说话人的推测或评价,如在 it seems, it may be, it is (un)likely, it is (im)possible, it is a pity, it is a wonder 等结构中,如: It seems that this test is reliable. It is a pity (that) she cant go with us. 5 强调主句的表语时,如: It is a mystery to me how it all happened. It is neces

19、sary that he should do so. wh-疑问词引导的主语从句,可以放在句首(第一组),也可以借助形式主语it(第二组)。第一组:When hell be back depends much on the weather. How it was done was a mystery. Whether well succeed remains to be seen.第二组:It is uncertain whether the game will be held. Its a puzzle how life began. It doesnt matter much where

20、we live. Is it known where he went?(二):宾语从句1、定义:在复合句中作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。第一组:I guess(that) well leave soon. He asked when we would be in London. She informed me (that) she was to send for it the next day.(that可以省略) Ill tell you what I read in todays paper.第二组:Ill find out whether shes interested in going.

21、Can you give us a description of what has happened. She was shocked by what she had seen.2、借助形式宾语it,that引导的宾语从句放在后面。 Ive heard it said that you have won a scholarship.分析:it在句中做形式宾语,said做宾语补足语,that you have won a scholarship是真正的宾语。 She has seen to it that all the children are well taken care of.分析:it

22、在句中做形式宾语,that all the children are well taken care of是真正的宾语。在宾语从句中须注意:(1). that 在口语中常被省略,但在正式的文体中,不能省;并且它一般不能引导介词的宾语从句,但可引导except, but, in 等少数介词的宾语从句。如: I didnt know (that) he was Li Lei. 我不知道他就是李蕾。 I will do anything I can to help you except that Im ill. 只要我身体舒服,我愿做任何事情来帮助你。(2). 宾语从句之后带有补足语成分时,一般须用

23、it作形式宾语,把宾语从句放到句末,此时的that不能省。如: The boy has made it clear that they cant play with his toys. 那个男孩已清楚的表明他们不能玩弄他的玩具。(3). 动词advise, ask, demand, desire, insist(坚决主张), order, propose, request, suggest(建议)等代的宾语从句须用虚拟语气,即:(should) do的形式。 He asked that we (should) get there before nine oclock. 他要求我们在九点钟之前赶

24、到那儿。 The teacher advised us that we (should) not waste our time. 老师劝告我们不要浪费时间了。(4). 宾语从句的时态与主句的时态须呼应。即:1)当主句谓语动词的时态是现在时或将来时,从句的谓语动词可用任何所需要的时态表示。如: He always says that he is our good friend. 他总是说他是我们的好朋友。 When the teacher knows what we have done, he will say that we have done a good deed. 当老师知道我们所干的事

25、情时,他会说我们做了一件好事。2)当主句谓语动词的时态为过去时,从句的谓语动词须用响应的过去时。如: He didnt tell us he came from Shanghai. 他没有告诉我们他来自上海。 He said he had read the book. 他说他读过这本书。3)但当从句的内容是客观真理或客观事实,而不受时间的限制时,即使主句谓语动词为过去时,从句仍用一般现在时。如: Chairman Mao said that all the imperialists are paper tigers. 毛主席说一切帝国主义者都是纸老虎。 When we were childre

26、n, we were told that China is in the east of the world. 我们还是小孩子的时候,人们就告诉我们说中国在世界的东方。八种宾语从句不省略that引导宾语从句的that在下列情况下一般不省略:1. 宾语从句前有插入语。如: We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us. 恰恰相反,我们希望他和我们呆在家里。2. 有间接宾语时。如: He told me that he was leaving for Japan. 他告诉我他要去日本。3. that在与之并列的另一个宾语从句

27、之后。如: He said (that) the book was very interesting and that(不省略) all the children like to read it.他说那本书很有趣,所有小孩都喜欢读。4. 在“it(形式宾语)+补语”之后时。如: I think it necessary that he should stay here. 我们认为他有必要留在这里。5. that从句单独回答问题时。如: What did he hear? 他听说了什么事? That Kate had passed the exam. (他听说)凯特考试及格了。6. 在excep

28、t等介词后。如: He has no special fault except that he smokes too much.他除了抽烟太多之外,没有什么特别的毛病。7. 位于句首时。如: That our team will win, I believe. 我相信我们队会赢。8. 在较为正式或不常用的动词(如reply, object)后。如: He replied that he disagreed. 他回答说他不同意。(三):表语从句1、定义:在复合句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如:The

29、fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。Thats just what I want. 这正是我想要的。This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。That is why he didnt come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。表语从句中应注意:1. 连接词that一般不能省略,但当主句中含动词do的某种形式时,that可以省略。如: What I want to do i

30、s (that) I can go up to him and thank him. 我想做的事是走到身边去感谢他。2. 当句子的主语是:advice, demand, decision, desire, idea, insistence, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish等名词时,表语从句须用虚拟语气,即:should +do。如: My advice is that you should go to apologize to him. 我的建议

31、是你应该去向他道歉。3当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如:The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning .4whether 可引导表语从句,但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。(四):同位语从句1、定义:有些名词的后面可以跟that引导的从句,说明这个名词的内容,这样的从句叫做同位语从句。所以,只有可以有内容的名词才可以接同位语从句,例如:fact,message,idea,possibility,conclusion,thought,news,order,report,rumor等等。that在从句中不做成分,但是不能省略。例: He had the feeling that he would not see her again. Ive come to the conclusion that it wont be wise to do so. 表示“命令、建议、要求”

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