英语语法主谓一致.docx

1、英语语法主谓一致第一讲 主谓一致“一致”（Concord 或Agreement）是指句子成分之间词语之间在语法形式上的协调关系。主要有主语与动词的一致，主语与补语的一致，限定词与名词中心词的一致，人称代词与并列和非并列先行词的一致，名词与名词或代词的一致。“主谓一致”是指主语和谓语动词之间在人称和数的方面的一致关系，这又叫做“主动一致”（Subjectverb Concord）。1. 主谓一致三原则主语和随后的动词(词组)，即谓语动词之间的一致关系常为三种不同的原则所支配，即语法一致原则(Grammar Concord)，意义一致原则(Notional Concord)和就近原则(Princi

2、ple of Proximity)。1.1 语法一致指作主语的名词中心词是复数，动词就用复数形式；如果名词中心词是单数名词或不可数名词，动词就用单数形式。例如：Both boys have their own merits. In my heart are peace and goodwill. The elevator works very well. Much effort is wasted. 1.2 意义概念一直指主语和动词的一致关系并非取决于语法上的单、复数形式，而是取决于主语的单、复数意义。有时主语在语法形式上并非复数，但有复数意义，随后的动词就用复数；主语在语法形式上是复数，而在

3、意义上可视为单数，随后的动词用单数。例如：The jury has asked more time. The jury are unable to agree. Fifty minutes isnt enough time to finish this test. “ Senior citizens ” means people over sixty.1.3 就近原则指谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语的单、复数形式，而不是与充当主语的名词短语中心词相一致。例如：Not just the students but even their teacher is enjoying the f

4、ilm. Neither Julia nor I am going. Only one out of five were present. No one except his own supporters agree with him. 但是在实际应用中，语法一致原则与其他两个原则经常发生矛盾，这时语法一致是应遵循的根本原则。下面从几个容易引起疑难问题的方面来进一步阐述主谓一致关系。 2. 并列主语和谓语动词的一致 2.1 and 连接的并列主语与谓语动词的一致 a. 由and 或both and 连接的并列结构作主语，指两个或两个以上的人或物，谓语动词用复数。例如： The food and

5、 ( the ) textile industry depend mainly on agriculture for raw material.To mean to do something and to actually do something are two different things. Rain, hail and wind have caused an estimated $22,000 damage to crops and livestock. War and peace are alternatives between which man must constantly

6、choose. b. 作主语的并列结构表示单数意义，谓语动词用单数。这时并列主语前常只有一个冠词或限定词，或者没有冠词或限定词。例如： The hammer and sickle was flying from the flagpole. The iron and steel industry plays an important part in our national economy. My colleague and friend is near deaths door. The Bat and Ball sells good beer. War and peace is a const

7、ant theme. Ham and egg is a good breakfast.Fish and chips (a dish of food) is very popular in Norway. Whisky and soda (a drink) is my favourite drink.Peaches and cream is delicious. To try and fail is better than not try at all. c. 有一些由and连接的并列主语，其单、复数意义不很明确，只能根据上下文判定。例如： A friend and helper was / w

8、ere standing nearby. The secretary and accountant of the company was / were present. His aged servant and the subsequent editor of his collected papers was / were with him at his death bed. d. 有的并列主语(常为抽象名词)前只有一个或者没有冠词或限定词，虽然表示单一概念，但既可接单数动词，又可接复数动词。例如： Her calmness and confidence is / are astonishin

9、g. Time and tide waits / wait for no man. Law and order has / have been established. The safety and happiness of the whole depends / depend on each individuals effort. e. 有时并列主语中省略了重复的并列名词、修饰语，或者只有一个冠词，但它们不能表示结合成一体的概念，只能被视为不同事物或个体，只能接复数动词。例如： Good ( taste ) and bad taste are inculcated by example. A

10、 man and (a ) woman are talking in the living room. White and brown sugar are acceptable for this recipe.The short- term ( loan ) and the long-term loan are handled very differently by the bank. The short- term and (the ) long-term loan American and Dutch beer are much lighter than British beer.The

11、red and (the) white rose are beautiful. ( A red rose and a white rose ) Beer from America and Holland is much lighter than British beer. The red and white rose is beautiful. ( A rose with red and white colour ) f. 在there, here 和where 结构中：正式语体，不管并列主语中的名词是单数还是复数，谓语动词都用复数形式；非正式语体，如果并列主语中的第一个主语是单数，谓语动词就

12、用单数形式。例如： Inside there are / is a desk, a table and two chairs. There were / was both courage and dignity in her manner. (There is more grace and less carelessness.) Here are / is John and Mary. 但当主语前带有限定词 one or two 时，谓语动词只能用复数形式。例如： There are one or two subjects on which you are bound to have but

13、one opinion. g. 如果并列主语中的第二个主语前有not，谓语动词的单、复数形式应和not前的主语相一致。例如： The teacher, and not the students designs the examination questions. It is you, not I who are afraid to pursue this subject further. h. 并列名词词组前有each, every, many a, no, more than one 等限定词时，随后的动词常用单数。例如： Every boy and ( every ) girl in th

14、is class is entitled to a copy. Every man, woman, and child in this community is now aware of the terrible consequences of the habit of smoking. Many a man and woman in this community finds himself or herself in need. No man and no woman has ever broken such a record. i. 并列wh- 分句作主语，一般用复数动词；一个含有并列谓语

15、的wh- 分句作主语，接单数动词。例如：What he says and what he does are two different things. What I say and what I think are my own affair. What he says and thinks is no business of yours. What I say and do is my own affair. What I say or what I think is no business of yours. j. 当“one and + 分数百分数” 这种结构作主语时，只能接复数谓语动词

16、。因为复数的概念不是至少两个，而是一个以上。例如： He went away on June, 15, and one and a half months have passed, and its July 30. One and a half years have passed since we last met. ( one and a half +复数名词作主语，接复数动词) He went away on June 15, and now a month and a half has passed, and its July 30. A year and a half has pass

17、ed since we last met.( a + 单数名词+ and a half 作主语，接单数动词) 2.2 and以外的并列连词连接的并列主语与谓语动词的一致 a. 由or, eitheror, nor, neithernor, notbut, not onlybut (also) 连接的并列主语，其谓语动词通常采用就近原则。例如： John or his brothers are to blame. Were you or he on duty ? You or he is on duty today. Am I or you responsible ? Either your b

18、rakes or your eyesight is at fault. Not any flowers nor even a blade of grass is to be seen there. Neither the players nor the coach was overconfident. Not Angela but her parents want to lose fat but they just cant control their appetite.Not only the switches but also the old wiring has been changed

19、. 但是在非正式语体中，eitheror, neithernor连接的并列主语，即使均为单数主语，所接动词可用复数形式。例如： Either you or I am / are going. Neither he nor his wife has / have seen such a film. Neither Jean nor James finishes / finish the work properly. b. 当主语后面跟有with, along with, together with, as well as, in addition to, as much as, except,

20、but, rather than, no less than 引导的词组时，该词组被视为从属结构。随后的谓语动词形式通常采用语法一致的原则，即依主语本身的单、复数形式而定。例如： The headmaster with the rest of the staff was having a heated discussion. The president, together with his advisors, is preparing a statement on the crisis. The father, as well as his sons, is going to enroll.

21、The barn, in addition to the house, was burned. Some of the workers as much as the manager were responsible for the loss.Man, no less than the lower forms of life, is the product of the evolutionary process. No one except two girls was late for dinner. His brother rather than his parents is to blame

22、.3. 以 -s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致有一些以 -s结尾的名词，它们当中有的作单数意义，有的作复数意义，有的既可接单数动词又可接复数动词，其意义基本相同或不同。3.1 以 s 结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称a. 以 s 结尾的疾病名称，如 arthritis (关节炎), bronchitis (支气管炎), mumps (腮腺炎), diabetes (糖尿病)，measles 等，通常接单数动词；但也有一些疾病名称后既可接单数动词，也可接复数动词。例如： Mumps is a kind of infectious disease. Generally, measles occurs in c

23、hildren. Measles are sometimes caused by tapeworm.b. 以 s 结尾的游戏名称通常接单数动词；但也有个别这样的名称接复数动词。例如： Darts is essentially a free and easy game. Marbles is one of the oldest games and was not confined to children.Cards are not allowed here. 当 darts, marbles 等用于做这些游戏所用的“镖”或“弹子”等意义时，随后的动词用复数形式。例如： Three darts a

24、re thrown at each turn. Marbles vary in kind and quality. 3.2 以 ics 结尾的学科名称以 ics 结尾的学科名称，如 athletics, economics, linguistics, mathematics, mechanics, physics, politics, statistics 等，通常作单数意义，接单数动词；但若这类名词表示学科以外的其他意义，便可作复数用。例如： Mathematics is the study of numbers. Athletics is a required course of stud

25、ents of all grades. My mathematics is / are rather shaky. Athletics have been greatly promoted at this college. The economics of the project are still being considered. Statistics show that the number of housewives who work part-time has increased in the last few years in the U.S. 3.3 以 s 结尾的地理名称 以

26、s 结尾的表示国名、组织等政治实体的地理名称，通常作单数；以 s 结尾的表示山脉、群岛、海峡、瀑布等地理名称，通常用作复数。例如：The United States is a country of people with varied origins. In January 1976, the Netherlands was hit by its worst storm since 1953. The West Indies, apart from the Bahamas, are commonly divided into two parts. The Himalayas have a ma

27、gnificent variety of plant and animal life. The Niagara Falls are perhaps the most famous waterfalls in the world. 但“奥运会”无论含不含games 都接复数动词。The Olympic Games are an international sports competition.The Olympics were started again in the nineteenth century. 3.4 其他以 s 结尾的名词a. 一些由两部分组成的物体名称通常是以 s 结尾，如 g

28、lasses, pincers, scissors, shorts, suspenders, trousers 等。这类名词通常用作复数；如果这类名词前有单位词，如 a pair of, two pairs of, 则由单位词的单、复数形式决定谓语动词的单、复数形式。例如： Joes new trousers are black and white. One pair of scissors isnt enough. b. 由 s 结尾的名词，如archives, arms, clothes, contents, fireworks, goods, morals, remains, stair

29、s, suburbs, thanks, wages， 通常用作复数。例如：The archives of this society are kept in the basement. The contents of this book are most fascinating. High wages often result in high prices. His thanks were most profuse. 但也有不少这类名词，用作单、复数均可，如 whereabouts, dramatics 等。例如： His whereabouts were / was known only to

30、 his parents. The dramatics of the performance were / was marvelous. c. 凡是由 ing 结尾的名词，如 clippings, diggings, earnings, filings, lodgings, savings, surroundings, sweepings 等，通常用作复数；但 tidings (消息) 既可用作复数，也可用作单数。例如：The clippings of the hedges are usually burnt. The sweepings of the godown have been dis

31、posed of. Good tidings have cheered them up. The tidings has come a little too late. d. 还有一些以 s 结尾的单、复数同形的名词，如barracks, headquarters, manners, means, series, species, works，随后动词的单、复数形式取决于这些名词在句中是用作单数意义还是复数意义。例如：A barracks was stormed by the enemy troops. Two barracks in the suburbs have been surrounded. A series of pre-recorded tapes has been prepared for language lab use. There are two series of readers: one for beginners and one for advanced students. A new species of butterfly has been found. Altogether, about 120 species of sea snail are known. 但有少数这类名词，用作单数或复