Psychology in our daily life 生活中的心理学.docx

1、Psychology in our daily life 生活中的心理学To discuss Psychology in our daily life we must first understand what Psychology is. The definition of Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental process; however, it can be applied to many other things in life. Everything we do in life is related t

2、o Psychology. Psychology is basically the study of who we are, why we are that way, and also what we can become. What is positive psychology? Traditionally in psychology, the focus has been on identifying and treating mental health problems such as depression. This is critically important for those

3、facing mental illness however, it provides an incomplete picture of mental health. Positive psychology is a relatively new branch of psychology that shifts the focus from what is clinically wrong, to the promotion of wellbeing and the creation of a satisfying life filled with meaning, pleasure, enga

4、gement, positive relationships and accomplishment. Gable and Haidt (2005) defined positive psychology as “the study of the conditions and processes that contribute to the ourishing or optimal functioning of people, groups, and institutions” . Positive psychology is not about putting on a happy face

5、all the time. Life can be hard and disappointments and challenges are inevitable. However, scientific research has shown that there are some strategies and skills that allow people to navigate the challenges of life more effectively and enjoy life despite the upsets. 1. Enhancing pleasureSavouring:

6、Savouring is the awareness of pleasure and of giving deliberate conscious attention to the experience of pleasure. Fred B. Bryant and Joseph Veroff of Loyola University have identified five techniques that promote savouring: Sharing with others - Seek out others to share the experience and tell othe

7、rs how much you value the moment. This is the single strongest predictor of the level of pleasure Memory building - Take mental photographs, or even a physical souvenir of the event, and reminisce about it later with others Self-congratulation - Dont be afraid of pride; tell yourself how great you a

8、re and remember how long you have waited for this to happen Sharpening perception - Focus on certain elements and block out others, like closing your eyes and listening to the music Absorption - Allow yourself to become totally immersed and try not to think, just sense2. EngagementMindfulness: Mindl

9、essness pervades much of human activity. We act and interact automatically, without much thinking. Mindful attention to the present moment can be developed through meditation and mindfulness based therapies. Through mindfulness we can focus our perspective and sharpen our experience of the present m

10、oment.Nurture relationships: Your income level has a surprisingly small effect on your psychological well-being. The most fundamental finding from positive psychology is that strong personal relationships have the greatest impact on your satisfaction with life. Make sure that you invest time and ene

11、rgy in your friends and family.Identify and use your strengths: Think about your personal strengths and how you might use them in your everyday life. Are you a leader, playful, fair, curious or original? Do you have a good sense of perspective? Do you love learning? Are you genuine? Are you good at

12、teamwork? If you have internet access you can take an online test on Martin Seligmans website to explore your personal strengths. Cultivate and use your strengths at work, in family life and in your leisure time.Seek out flow experiences: Through his research, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi sought to under

13、stand how people felt when they most enjoyed themselves and why. He developed the concept of flow which describes a state of joy, creativity and total involvement. Problems seem to disappear and there is a feeling of transcendence. Flow is the way people describe their state of mind when they are do

14、ing something for its own sake. Some activities consistently produced flow such as sport, games, art and hobbies. 3. Finding meaning Keep a gratitude diary: Take the time each day to write down three things that went well and why. This causes psychological well-being levels to increase in a lasting

15、way.Thank a mentor: Write a letter of thanks to someone to whom you owe a debt of gratitude such as a teacher or grandparent. Then visit the person and read the letter to them. People who do this are measurably happier for more than a month.Learn to forgive: Let go of anger and resentment by writing

16、 a letter of forgiveness to a person who has wronged you. Inability to forgive is associated with persistent rumination.Weigh up your life: Take time out occasionally to consider how you are going in the major facets of your life such as family, work, finances, health and play. Reflect on the progre

17、ss you are making in working towards your major life goals. Make changes in your life to match your priorities.Perform small acts of kindness: Performing five kind acts a week, especially all in one day, creates a measurable boost to levels of psychological well-being. Giving not only makes you feel

18、 good about yourself, it enhances your connection with others and can bring you positive feedback from others. 越害怕的事情越容易发生】口袋装着刚买的手机，在公车上生怕被盗，每隔一段时间就去查看手机是否还在。这一举动引起了小偷的注意，最终手机被偷走。就因为害怕发生，所以会非常在意，注意力越集中，就越容易犯错误。这就是著名的墨菲定理。 心理常识：贝勃规律】原本1块的报纸变成了10元一份，你定会感到无法接受；相比较而言，原本5000元的电脑涨了50元，你一定不会有这么大的反应。贝勃规律表明

19、，当人经历强烈的刺激后，之后施予的刺激对他来说也就变得微不足道了。你意识到了吗？心理学上说，人们大多数只对有安全度的人发脾气】因为在那个安全度之内。你潜意识知道对方不会离开你。胡闹有时候是一种依赖。1、有时遇见熟悉的朋友，话到嘴边，居然忘了对方的名字原理：个体在学习中对刺激给予编码处理时，他同时将之编码为形码、声码、意码（文字如此，人物也是如此）。在语文学习时短期的记忆的编码以声码为主，长期记忆的编码则以意码为主。分析：对熟悉的同学，我们已将他（她）与意码建立了直接联结，而不象最初认识时需将精力放在形码的记忆上，我们一见到他（她）就直接在脑海里潜意识的反映出与其性格相符的词，譬如：乐观、开朗、

20、或内向、忧郁，即为意码。若此时声码的解码无法进行，或声码无法与意码、形码建立联结，自然就叫不出对方姓名。2、有一个男孩追了一个女孩很久，女孩有一天睡觉之前突然喊道：“完了，我不记得他长什么样子了！”室友们便坏坏地笑着说：“完了，你爱上他了。”分析：当女孩慢慢开始接纳男孩时便会将注意力集中到意码的编码上，将其编入长期记忆。此时女孩会更多的思考与意码相关的人品、气质、性格，而可能忽视了对其形码的检索，即会出现一时不记得他相貌的现象。平时你是否会经常在某一时刻不记得爸爸、妈妈或男友的长相呢？因为在熟悉之后，你会更关心与个人魅力有关的意码，而非形码。3、一段刻骨铭心的爱情之后，你受了很大的伤害，几年之

21、后，你再想记起的时候突然发现对那段感情的记忆很模糊，甚至不复存在。原理： 长期记忆不可能遗忘，只是没有找到恰当的检索方式。动机性遗忘（针对性失忆），弗洛伊德的精神分析论。分析： 回忆痛苦经验时，将使人回到痛苦的过去，为避免痛苦感受在记忆中复现，因而当时者学到对自己加以压抑，将意识中不愉快的经验刻意施加压力，将之压抑在潜意识之中。人的大脑是有保护机制的，记忆太痛苦了，才要忘记。把遗忘的记忆从深海中打捞出来，你也许会痛不欲生。按精神分析论的解释，除个人生活中重大灾害的压力可能导致失忆症之外，个人的心理冲突，也是形成失忆症的原因。诸如个人在情绪上的一些内在冲动或欲望，如不为个人理性所接受时，两方面冲

22、突的结果即可能形成遗忘。4、你能记得3岁之前发生的事情吗？三岁以前的幼儿，对事物最感好奇，事事好问，求知是一生中学习效率最高与学习事物最多的一段时期，然而到了成年之后，很少有人能清楚记得三岁以前的事。原理：幼年经验失忆症分析1：因为从出生到三岁这段时间正是恋亲情结（恋父或恋母情结）形成阶段，儿童因心理冲突而生的压抑。压抑使其变为潜意识，导致不能记忆。分析2：按现代认知心理学中的信息处理理论的解释，人在三岁以前并非没有长期记忆，只是因为幼儿在当时对讯息处理时，尚不能使用语文作为心理表征的工具，即未将语文的声码、形码、意码输入到长期记忆中，因而不能用语文去检索记忆以回答问题。5、一个人在失恋之后，

23、为使自己振作起来，会马上投入另一段感情。这是不错的疗伤方法。原理：遗忘干扰论分析：遗忘是新旧经验彼此干扰的结果。投入新的感情，经历新的感情体验，能够干扰对前一段感情的记忆，从而达到干扰遗忘的效果。6、一位未婚女子与其男友交往了一段时间之后，其男友提出分手。那女的却说与他发生了关系，要其负责任。但其男友却说根本没有此事，除正常的恋人之间的行为之外，并没有对她做任何事情。但那女子却能将他们如何发生关系的过程描述地非常详细，根本就是亲身经历的样子。直到医院诊断她还是处女时，她依旧坚信自己确实与男友发生了关系。原理：记忆扭曲现象。记忆扭曲的方式有两种类型：一为量变或将事实简化，或将情节减少；一为质变，

24、添油加醋，甚至无中生有。分析：个体接受刺激、讯息处理的方式是选择性的，很可能在开始时的感官记忆或短期记忆阶段，根本就未将刺激的特征照实收录。贮存在长期记忆的讯息，既须与原有的旧经验交感，又须与新进入的讯息互动。新旧讯息的交感互动的结果就产生了认知结构改变的历程。据了解那位女子看过多本关于性交过程的书籍，她将男友的形象剪贴成了书中的男主人公，将自己剪贴成了女主人公。在与男友交往时不断与书中的讯息发生交感互动。时间长了，就发生了记忆扭曲，即分不清是真实的和还是幻想的。7、一对有家庭暴力的夫妇来做心理咨询，丈夫真心爱妻子，却又总对其施加暴力，之后又会十分后悔。心理医生让他们面对着座谈，像在家里一样的

25、谈话。经过1个小时之后，医生发现妻子很会说，而且总是很有道理，丈夫却总是无辞可对，面对妻子的责问手足无措。原理：据弗洛伊德的心理动力学观点，行为由强大内部力量驱使或激发，人的行为从继承来的本能和生物驱力中产生，且试图解决个人需要和社会要求之间的冲突。剥夺状态、生理唤起以及冲突都为行为提供了力量，就像煤给蒸汽机车供应燃料一样。在这个模型中当机体的需要得到了满足，它的驱力降低时，它就停止反应。分析：当丈夫与妻子发生口角时，由于妻子一直都说的在理，而丈夫却处在语言剥夺状态。当处于尴尬的紧张情境下，就会用打人这一行为来降低紧张度。但行为有可能是被不在意识范围内的动机所驱使的，所以打妻子在某种意义上来说

26、与爱妻子并无矛盾。当人处于被剥夺状态时就会变得不理性，会恢复小孩的幼稚心理，打妻子为了获得“战争胜利”好让妻子闭嘴。就像小孩在商场里为得到玩具，躺在地下哭是一样不讲道理的手段。人类往往可以把一切畸形的行为都与小孩的行为相类比，因为一切畸形的行为都是由不成熟的思维导致的。8、一个三岁小孩跟五岁小孩一起看电视，在电视中有一个小孩A。小孩A将自己的糖果放在地上的纸盒子里，然后关门出去了。这时走进来一个大人，他将纸盒子里的糖果转移到了一个衣柜里。问三岁和五岁的小孩：小孩A进来后会在什么地方找糖果？三岁小孩和五岁小孩分别会怎么回答呢？原理：皮亚杰认知发展理论。三岁的小孩会说A会在衣柜里找，五岁小孩会说A

27、会在纸盒子里找。分析：三岁的小孩不知道要从别人的角度去思考问题，他认为既然自己看到了糖果是被放在了衣柜里，他就不能理解为什么A会不知道。而五岁小孩已经学会了从别人的角度来思考问题，他把自己放在A的位置来思考，所以他知道A并没有看到糖果被转移了位置。人的思维总是在变化着的，善解人意这样的品性并不是人们天生的，而是需要在社会生活中不断去学习，人的社会化的过程就是学习常识心理学的过程。有些父母总会责怪子女太自私，不会替别人着想。看了上面的实验结果，我觉得父母应该看到希望，或许您的孩子现在总是不懂父母的心，但随着年龄的增长，他们会慢慢学会角色互换，会站在父母的角度去思考，去理解。1.现在伸出你的双手 选出你最喜欢的一只手指 不分左右 只能选一只喔！(了解自己对什么角色比较看重)1、拇指父母2、食指兄弟姐妹3、中指事业4、无名指情人5、小指自己【题目】有一天你走在沙漠里 很渴 突然发现前面有一个亮闪闪的瓶子 你赶紧跑过去捡起来 去发现里面根本没有水 这时 你是选择把瓶子扔掉还是拿着继续走 【结果】把瓶子扔掉：你是个容易忘记过去不开心的事的人拿着继续走：你是个不容易忘记过去的人