1、重点高中非谓语动词知识点汇总重点高中非谓语动词知识点汇总 作者: 日期: 非谓语动词知识点汇总一、不定式:to do1.特点1)基本结构是:to + 动词原形2)动词不定式没有人称和数的变化3)在句子中可以做主语、宾语、定语、表语、状语和宾语补足语2.时态与语态时态/语态主动被动一般式to doto be done进行式to be doing/完成式to have doneto have been done完成进行时to have been doing/1)时态A.一般式表示动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生;B.完成式表示动作在谓语动词的动作之前;C.进行式表示动作与谓语动词的动作同时
2、进行;D.进行式表示在谓语动词的动作之前一直进行的动作。2)语态A.主动形式表示逻辑主语是其所表示的动作的执行者;B.被动形式表示逻辑主语是其所表示的动作的承受着。3.动词不定式可在句中的成分:1)做主语To climb the mountain road was hard work but to go down the hills was great fun.2)作宾语Your father has aat last decided to stop smoking.作动词的宾语Im worried about how to pass the exam.作介词的宾语3)作宾语补足语:I was
3、 interested in astronomy and he asked me to give a presentation to the class.使役动词(make,let,have等)与感官动词(watch,hear,feel,notice,see等)用于主动语态时,宾补的不定式to要省略,但被动语态中to不能省略。My parents always make me do my homework before I go out.常见是接to的不定式作宾补的动词有:advise,allow,ask,cause,command,direct,encourage,expect,forbid
4、,invite,order,permit,persuade,request,teach,tell,want,beg,force,help4)作表语:Anyhow my goal is to provide humans with a life of high quality.5)做形容词的作用,动词不定式作定语,放在被修饰词后面I cant think of any good advice to give her.(不定式和所修饰词是逻辑上的动宾关系)I am always the first person to get to the office(主谓关系)His last appeal,t
5、o come and see her,went unanswered.(同位语)Thats the way to do it.(状语关系)6)作副词的作用:在句子中作目的,结果和原因状语To make friends easily,you need to be very kind.(目的状语,常用于in order to, so as to.)Im not so stupid as to put in in writing.(结果状语,常用语so.to, such/so.as to, enough.to,only to, too.o)Im so excited to be here!(原因状语
6、,常用于sorry,surprised,disappointed,excited,glad等表示情感的词后面)7)作独立成分,独立于句子之外,表示说话者的态度,语气To be honest, I dont like him very much.常用于独立成分的不定式:to tell truth; to be honest; to put it briefly; to be frank; to begin/start with; to make things worse4.动词不定式的复合结构1)for sb句型: 通常使用表示客观情况的形容词,描述不定式的特征,性质。这类形容词有:easy,d
7、ifficult,important,necessary,possible,dangerous,hard,interesting,goodIt is good for one to have self-knowledge.2)of sb句型:使用表示主观态度或情感的形容词,描述主语的性质,身份,特征。这类形容词有:nice,silly,selfish,honest,rude,careful,kind,friendly,wiseIt is very friendly of you to help me when Im in trouble.5.疑问词+不定式:与疑问代词who,whom,what
8、,which,whose及疑问副词when,where,how等连用,在句中作主语,表语,宾语,宾补,同位语等。I didnt know how to get back to the village.注意:why不能用于疑问词+不定式的结构6.to的省略1)感官动词和使役动词作宾补时2)在介词but,except,表示除了之意的单词前,若有实义动词do,作宾语的不定式省略to,若无do,to不能省略。I can do everything around the house except cook.(有do,省略to)I have no choice but to accept the fact
9、.(无do,加to)3)help后不定式作宾补,to可有可无;但主语是表示物的名词或主语不能发出不定式的动作时要加toYour rich experience will help you to find a good job.4)多个不定式短语表示并列关系时,to可省略;若表示对比关系,to不可省略He refuses to spend time with us or do as we tell him.They came not to save us,but to conquer us.5)常见的省略to的不定式结构:had better do, would rather do, canno
10、t but do, do nothing but do, have nothing to do but do,why(not)do7.不定式后面动词的省略1)为了避免重复,在hope,wish等动词短语后面出现的与上文相同的不定式,通常只保留不定式符号to,其他省略。这类动词有:hope,wish,want,like,love,decide,plan,mean,prefer,have to,be able to,be going to,used to ,ought to, would like toWe would not only be able to travel around the w
11、orld,but also to study in any world famous university we want to.(省略了go to study)2)不定式为to be或者to have done,不定式to后的do和have保留,其他省略Arent you a lawyer? No,but I want to be.Hasnt he finished writing the report? No,but he ought to have.二、动名词:v-ing1.特点1)具有动词和名词的特征2)变否定时,其前加not2.时态与语态时态/语态主动被动一般式doingbeing
12、done完成式having donehaving been done1)时态一般式表示没有时间先后的动作,也可以表示与谓语动作同时发生或发生在谓语动作之前或之后的动作完成式表示其动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。2)语态主动形式表示其逻辑主语是动作的执行者;被动形式表示其逻辑主语是动作的承受者。3.在句子中的成分1)动词性质A.可接宾语:Finding jobs is difficult these days.B.可用副词修饰:Getting up early in the morning is tough.2)名词形式A.作主语:常用it作形式主语,把动名词置于句尾。It is fun play
13、ing computer games.常用句式: It is no use/good/harm doing, It is a waste of time doing, It is worthwhile doingB.作动词和介词的宾语:常见动名词作宾语的动词和短语:enjoy,finish,keep,mind,advise,pay attention to,admit,stick to,feel like,look forward to,cant help to,avoidDo you feel like going for a swim?After eating in her restaur
14、ant people would become tired very quickly.3)作定语:在意思上相当于“名词+for+doing”,常放在名词前面No flying machine will fly from New York to Paris.4)作表语:My favorite part was seeing the bear in the mountains.What you said is really inspiring.(形容词)4.动名词的复合结构当动名词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致时,要用动名词的复合结构,即在动名词前加形容词性物主代词或名词所有格,有时也可用人称代词宾格
15、或普通名词来代替。Her coming to help encouraged all of us.He suggested students going to school on foot.三、现在分词:v-ing1.特点:具有动词的某些性质。2.时态和语态时态/语态主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done1)时态一般式表示动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生;完成式表示动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。2)语态主动形式:逻辑主语是现在分词动作的执行者;被动形式表示逻辑主语是分词动作的承受者。3.在句子中的成分1)作定语:单个现在分词作定语放
16、在修饰词之前,现在分词短语放在修饰词之后。He told me the exciting news.There is a note pinned to the door saying when the shop will open again.2)作表语:说明主语的性质,特征。He is really amusing and tells jokes when he thinks were getting bored.3)作宾补:说明宾语的性质、特征或正在做的动作Jenny could hear them arguing outside.4)作状语:表时间,结果,原因,方式,条件It hasnt
17、 rained for a month,making the crops hard to grow.When reading the novel,I heard the telephone ring.Living far from the school,he has to get up early every morning.My brother ran away,shouting loudly.Knowing all this,I still wanted to have a try.注意:有些分词短语可以没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在,此时其作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句,表明说话者的态度,观点
18、等。例如,generally speaking,strictly speaking,judging from/by.四、过去分词:1.特点由动词+ed构成,保留了动词的很多特征,在句中可以作表语,定语,状语,补语等。2.在句子中的成分 1)作定语:及物动词的过去分词作定语,表示被动和完成;不及物动词的过去分词作前置定语,不表示被动,只表示完成。There are fallen leaves on the ground in fall.Look at the broken glasses.2)作表语:大多是及物动词的过去分词,表示主语所处状态或感受,很多已转化为形容词。Although the
19、cities were crowed,the country was beautiful.3)作宾补:及物动词的过去分词作宾补,与宾语构成被动关系。Before driving into the city,you are required to get your car washed.4)作状语:表时间,原因,条件,方式或伴随,相当于状语从句。Frightened by the noise outside,the little girl dared not sleep in her bedroom.五、非谓语动词的辨析1.不定式与名词作主语的不同不定式:表示具体的某一次行为或将来的动作,强调动
20、作本身;动名词:表示动作比较抽象,时间概念不强,强调事情本身。Learning about a language is easier than using itIts easier to learn about a language than to use it.2.非谓语动词作表语的不同不定式和动名词作表语可以互换。不定式:表示具体的动作或将来动名词:表示动作的内容现在分词:表示主语具有的特征过去分词:表示主语所处的状态或感受 What he likes is to collect stamps/collecting stamps.My wish is to become a writerY
21、our work is cleaning the tables.What he said is exciting.I was moved to hear the story.3.不定式与动名词作宾语的不同不定式表示具体的,一次的或将来的动作。动名词表示一个概念或习惯性的事物。1)need,want,require等后表示被动意义时,不定式用被动语态,动名词不用My bike needs to be repaired.=My bike needs repairing.2)部分动词后接不定式或动名词,意义差别大remember/forget/regret/try/stop/mean/go on/c
22、ant help 后面接to do/doing4.非谓语动词作定语的不同1)不定式作定语表示还未发生的动作The children are looking forward to the party to be held next weekend.2)动名词作定语表示所修饰的名词的用途,不存在逻辑关系There are two teaching buildings in our school.3)现在分词作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系,表示动过的主动和进行。There are lots of students wishing to join us.4)现在分词的被动形式作定语,表示
23、正在被进行的动作The power station being built now will be one of the largest in China.5)过去分词作定语,表示该动作的被动和完成Some people invited to the party are famous people.5.不定式与分词作状语的不同不定式作状语表示目的和结果;分词作状语表示伴随,时间,方式,结果,条件和原因。做结果状语时,不定式常表示不太好或出乎意料的结果,分词表示顺理成章的结果。He hurried to the airport only to find that the plane had ta
24、ken off.It rained heavily in the south,causing serous flooding in several provinces.6.不定式和分词作宾补的不同感官动词后面跟:1)不定式:常跟省略to的不定式作宾补,表示动作全过程2)现在分词:表示动作的主动或正在进行3)过去分词:表示动作的被动或完成I saw her enter the classroom.I saw her entering the classroom.I heard the song sung.7.现在分词与过去分词的不同1)语态:现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动2)时间:现在分词表
25、示正在进行的动作,过去分词表示已经完成的动作a moving film/the moved peoplethe rising sun/the risen sun8.have+宾语+宾补1)have sth done:让某事被别人做过去分词这个动作由他人来完成,含有被动意义且强调动作已经完成。The driver had his car washed once a week.2)have sth to do:have是实义动词,作“有”的意思,表示有某事要去做3)have sb do:省略to,意思是让某人去做某事4)have sb/sth doing:让某人或某事持续做5)have sth t
26、o be done:宾语与宾补之间是被动的关系,表示让某事去被做,但还没做。六、非谓语动词的独立主格结构独立主格结构本身不是句子,在句子中作时间、原因、条件、方式和伴随方式状语等。用于修饰整个句子,位置灵活,可置于句前,中和句末,常用逗号与主句分开。1.结构:名词/代词+非谓语动词1)不定式作独立主格:强调是一次性具体的行动,或表示还未发生的行为Lots of work to do, I have to work extra hours.2)现在分词作独立主格:逻辑主语与现在分词的动作是主动的,在句中作时间,原因,条件和方式状语The party will be held in the gar
27、den,weather permitting.3)过去分词作独立主格:逻辑主语与过去分词的动作是被动关系,在句子中作时间,原因,条件和方式状语The test finished,well have our summer vacation.2.with复合结构:with+名词/代词+1)with+宾语+doing (宾语与宾补构成主动关系,表示主动和正在进行)2)With+宾语+done(宾语与宾补构成被动关系,动作已经发生)3)With+宾语+to do(宾补动作未发生)4)With+宾语+adj/adv/介词短语非谓语动词做题步骤:1)找出谓语动词的逻辑主语。其逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。2)判断主、被动关系。3)判断时间关系。非谓语动词所表示动作发生在谓语动作之间常用done,之后常用to do,同时常用doing4)判断非谓语动词所作成分。作主语或宾语,常用动名词表示习惯或一般情况,用不定式表示具体作状语或在形容词后作状语,一般用不定式作伴随状语,常用分词,若与逻辑主语是主动关系,用现分,若是被动关系,用过分。
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