英语长句难句英语难句长句详细解析.docx

1、英语长句难句英语难句长句详细解析翻译一本通：难句解析1. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants anindividual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. （难度系数 5，下同） 译文：那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量， 并因此能在最大程 度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。【英语长句难句】难句类型：倒装、省略a. 本句的正常语序应当是：That sex ratio wh

2、ich maximizes the number of descendantsan individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted will be favored. 但是因为主语 That sex ratio 之后的以 which 引导的修饰它的定语从句， 如果按 照以上语序，则有头重脚轻之感。所以原文将此长长的从句倒装成谓语 will be favored之后。b. 在 which 引导的从句中，有两处省略：第一处在 maximize 的第一个宾语 the number ofdescendants th

3、at an individual will have descendants 的定语从句，但是，因为 that 可以省略。 第二处省略是在第二个 sex ratio which maximizes. And hence中， an individual will have 是修饰descendants 在从句中作 have 的宾语，所以引导词 the number of 之前，省略了与前面一样的成分 that 在此表示后面的成分作为前面“最大化一个个体的后代的数目的”结果。be favored which maximizes the number of descendantshence the

4、number of gene copies transmitted.2. （This is ） A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientistto record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .（5+） 复杂+倒装 +省略;（这是一种） 照亮现实的欲望

5、， 此欲望从来就不会唐突的取代后面的那种欲望， 后者是我们 可以将其部分的理解为一个兼任小说加和科学家的人想要去准确并具体的记录下一朵花的 结构和文理的那种意义上的欲望。解释：本句子的难度在一切 GRE GMAT包括LSAT考试中所出现的难句中堪称登峰造极，可以确定地讲， 类似此句子的难度的语言， 在计算机考试的现场绝无可能出现。 如果对此句话 不感兴趣，可以把其废掉不读。A 这句话读起来别扭的第一个原因， 是因为它根本就不是一个句子。 句首省略了 this is 。这种用一个词代替一个句子的方式如果在书面语中出现， 只能出现在高级英语中， 因此我们以前的英语学习中从未遇到过。其形式类似于我们

6、中文的“精彩”是“这句话真是精彩”的 省略形式。B、 desire 后跟着两个大的修饰成分，一个是 to throw over reality a light ，其中的 alight 是被倒装到了 over reality 之后，正常应是 throw a light over reality. 不过这个便装部分与 throw 距离不远，读者看得还算懂。关键是第二个修饰成分。注意：从 that开始直到句尾结束的长长的定语从句不是修饰其前的 light 的，而是修饰一开始的 desire 的。C、 第二个修饰成分中又来了一个倒装，由于作者为了强调 never, 所以将其提前，引发了定语从句中的倒装

7、：正常语序应该是 that might never be given away ，倒装后系动词 was 被提前， given 因为在情态动词 might 之后所以变成了原型 give 。 A give way to B ，是 A 让位于B,而A be given way to B , 则是A取代B。on the part of 之后的部分修饰后面的 desire, what 引导的从句现场阅读时可以看成一个名词。 What 从句中的不定式 to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower 中又有一个避免

8、头重脚轻的倒装，正常语序应该是 to record the structure and texture of a flower exactly and concretely 。D、 就算能够看懂这句话的结构，可能仍然理解不了意思。本句的意思是，哈代 (注：人名老的冲动是一种简单的、 说明现实的欲望， 新冲动是一种即是小说家又像科学家的仔细研究 一个东西的特点那样的欲望(新冲动) ，前一种欲望是永远也不能取代后者的。意群训练：( This is )A desire to throw over reality a light that never was mightgive away abrupt

9、ly to the desire on the part of what we might consider anovelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .3. Hardys weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultiv

10、ate andsustain the energetic and risky ones. (3)难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、抽象词 译文：哈代的缺陷一方面缘起于他的某种明显的无能， 无法控制好那结不尽相同的创作冲动 的穿梭往来； 另一方面缘起于他不愿意去培养和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性强的创作冲 动。解释：介词from的宾语有两个并列的部分，由 and所连接，在and之后的第二个from前， 省略了前面一样的谓语动词 derive 。本句之所以难，有两个原因，一是 derived from 后面 的成分太长， 初学者难以一下子看下来； 二是作为一篇文科文章， 用词抽象， 难以迅速理解。意群训练

11、： Hardy s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones.4. Virginia Woolf s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs.Dalloway has regularly b

12、een ignored by the critics, since it highlights an aspectof her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. (5)难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、抽象词译文：弗吉尼

13、亚 . 伍尔夫( Virginia Woolf )在创作黛洛维夫人 ( Mrs. Dalloway )时有 关其创作意图的这番发人深思的陈述， 迄今为止一贯为文学评论家们所忽略， 因为它突出反 映了她诸多文学兴趣中某一方面， 而这一方面则与人们对“诗性”小说家(poetic novelist )所形成的传统见解大相径庭。所谓的 “诗性”小说家，所关注的是审视想入非非和白日梦幻 的诸般状态，并致力于追寻个体意识的通幽曲径。解释：本句逗号以前只有复杂修饰的长主语有些难，但总的来讲比较好懂， since 引导的原因状语从句较难。A、 since 之后的 it 指前面的 statement, high

14、light 的宾语 an aspect 之后有两个修饰成 分，一个是 of her literary interests ， 另一个是以 that 引导的定语从句 that is very different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist ，都是修饰 an aspect的。 Novelist 后面又有由 and 连接的两个介词结构 concerned with doing 修饰 novelist.B、 句中有两处省略，一是在 her literary interests that is very different fr

15、om 当中，修饰 interests 的定语从句中引导词 be that is 一起省略了。第二处在 and 之后， 由于 concerned with 与前面的 concerned with 重复，所以 concerned 被省略。C、 本句另外一个难懂的地方， 就是使用了大量的抽象词。 这是文学市评论题材的文章的一 个特点。Virginia Woolf s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics, since i

16、t highlights an aspect of her5. As she put it in The Common Reader ,It is safe to say that not a single lawliterary interests very different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individu

17、al consciousness.has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said orwrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore . ”（5- ）抽象词、抽象词组、比喻就像她在致普通读者一书中所表达的那样， “尽管可以毫无疑问的说，没有任何法律被 指定出来， 也没有任何高楼大厦被建立起来是因为乔叟说了什么或者写了什么； 然而， 当我们读它的书的时候，我们身上每一个毛孔都充满了道德”

18、这句话不但用了词抽象， 还用了比喻的修辞手法。 是指没有因为乔叟的言论而产生任何实际 的行为规则或政治机构，但我们受其影响之深，以及其影响力之大。As she put it in The Common Reader , “It is safe to say that not a single law hasbeen framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at ever

19、y pore . ”6. With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent （in part ）back to the muscles for glycogen

20、 synthesis. （ 4+）难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、专有名词 译文： 随着爆发出来的运动的结束， 再体液中乳酸含量会变得很高， 使得大型动物处于容易 受到攻击的状态，直到乳酸通过有氧新陈代谢，被肝脏转化成（ convert into ）葡萄糖，而 葡萄糖接下来又会（部分）传送回肌肉中重新合成糖原 。解释： 本句中修饰成分极多，以分词修饰和介词结构修饰为主，作各种类型的状语。前面的 状语和主句还好理解，从 leaving 开始句子变难； leaving 引导的直到句末的结构来做整个 句子的状语； 分词中又包含了三个状语， 其中的两个 via oxidative metabolism b

21、y the liver 又起到了插入语的作用，把 be converted into 拆成两段。本句的另外一个特征是其中充斥着专有名词。 其中的 body fluids, oxidative 和 synthesis 通过字面的意思或者根据词头、 词根我们还是应该猜出其意思的， lactic acid, metabolism和 muscle 这三个词在生物类文章中极其常用， 大家应该背下来； 而 glycogen 这种东西则没 办法，只能作一个首字母提炼。但是请记住， GRE和GMAT文章中只要出现了这种专有名词，出题者是一定会在文章中把它在文章中所乃至的词义解释清楚的， 所以读者遇到文章中做了

22、 解释的专有名词，应该力求把解释看懂。意群训练： With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is highin the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acidis reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which isthen sent (in part )back to the muscles for

23、 glycogen synthesis .7. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves preference, revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy. ( 3+)难句类型：插入语 译文： 虽然古特曼承认， 由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁，但他还是证明，奴隶的 偏爱在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种

24、植园上被最为显著地揭示出来在很大程度上侧 重于稳定的一夫一妻制( monogamy)。解释：本句中插入语的使用 revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, 后半个分句中的主语 that slaves preference 与系动词 was 离得太远，造 成阅读的困难。意群训练： Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves preference, revealed most

25、 clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy.8. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouragedthe transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation

26、 to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.(4) 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 译文： 古特曼人令人信服地论辨道， 黑人家庭的稳定有助于包括民间传说、 音乐、 及宗教表 达在内的黑人文化遗产一代一代传递下去，因而在维持文化遗产方面也起着至关重要的作 用，而对于这种文化遗产，黑奴们不断地从其非洲和美洲的经历中予以丰富发展。解释：由 that 引导的宾语从句中， encouraged 的宾语 the transmission

27、 of the Black heritage 被同时表示并列和转折的 and so 分开，给读者造成了阅读上和理解上的困难。最 后一个逗号后面的部分是修饰前面的 black heritage 的同位语。意群训练 ： Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expressio

28、n from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.9. This preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests ，may have derived from West African rules governing marriage, which, though they differed from one tribal group to anothe

29、r, all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. (3+) 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 译文：古特曼表示，这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定， 尽管这些规定在一个和另一个部落群体之间不尽相同，但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻( union with close kin )的禁止。解释：本句有两个插入语，第一个插入语 Gutman suggests 割裂了主句的主语和谓语。 WestAfrican rules 后跟着两个修饰成分，第一个是分词修饰 (governing marriage

30、), 第二个是 以 which 引导的非限定性定语从句， 从句中出现了第二个插入语 though they differed from one tribal group to another ，又割裂了从句引导词与谓语之间的联系。意群训练： This preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests ， may have derived fromWest African rules governing marriage, which, though they differed from one tribal group to another, all involv

31、ed some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.10. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States, but his definition of racial prejudice as racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given

32、region of ethnic competition ， can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.(4+) 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词 译文： 该社会学家的命题当被应用于针对美国黑人的歧视时， 相对而言尚能适用， 但他对种 族偏见所下的定义即 “以种族为基础的、 针对某个群体的消级的先入之见， 而该群体在 任何特定的种族竞争地区则被普遍认作一种族” 可被理解成同样也襄括了针对加利福尼 亚州的中国人以及中世纪的犹太人这样一些种族群体的敌视态度。解释：本句长度惊人，插入部分比较长，再加上不乏抽象词，所以较为难懂，在表示转折的 后半个分钟中，长长的插入语 as racially based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepte