大学学术英语读写教程 下册 课文翻译.docx

1、大学学术英语读写教程 下册 课文翻译Reading 1WHAT IS STRESS?The term stress has been defined in several different ways. sometimes the term is applied to stimuli or events in our environment that make physical and emotional demands on us, and sometimes it is applied to our emotional and physical reactions to such stim

2、uli. in this discussion, we will refer to the environmental stimuli or events as stressors and to the emotional and physical reactions as stress.压力这个词已经有几种不同的定义。有时候这个术语适用于我们环境中的刺激或事件，这些刺激或事件会对我们产生身体和情感方面的要求，有时也适用于我们对这种刺激的情绪和身体反应。 在这个讨论中，我们将环境刺激或事件称为压力，并将情绪和身体上的反应称为压力。Many sorts of events be stressor

3、s, including disasters, such as hurricanes or tornadoes; major life events, such as divorce or the loss of a job; and daily hassles, such as having to wait in line at the supermarket when you need to be somewhere else in 10 minutes. What all this events have in common is that they interfere with or

4、threat our accustomed way of life. when we encounter such stressors, we must pull together our mental and physical resources in order to deal with the challenge. How well we succeed in doing so will determine how serious a toll the stress will take on our mental and physical well-being.许多事件都是压力源，包括灾

5、难，如飓风或龙卷风; 重大生活事件，如离婚或失业; 每天都有麻烦，比如当你要在10分钟内到别的地方去却不得不在超市排队等。 所有这些事件都有共同之处，就是它们干涉或威胁我们习惯的生活方式。 当我们遇到这样的压力时，我们必须整合我们的精神和物质资源来应对挑战。我们如何成功地做到这一点将决定压力对我们身心健康将产生多大的影响。Reacting to stressorsThe Canadian physiologist Hans Seyle has been the most influential writer on stress. Seyle proposed that both humans

6、and other animals react to any stressor in three stages, collectively known as the general adaptation syndrome. the first stage, when the person or animal becomes aware of the stressor is the alarm reaction. In this stage the organism becomes highly alert and aroused, energized by a burst of epineph

7、rine. After the alarm reaction comes the stage of resistance , as the organism tries to adapt to the stressful stimulus or to escape from it. If these efforts are successful, the state of the organism returns to normal. If the organism cannot adapt to the continuing stress, however, it enters a stag

8、e of exhaustion or collapse.加拿大生理学家Hans Seyle在压力方面一直是最有影响力的作家。 塞尔提出，人类和其他动物在三个阶段对任何压力源作出反应，统称为一般适应综合症。 第一阶段，当人或动物意识到应激源时，就是警报反应。 在这个阶段，机体变得高度警觉和激起，并被一阵肾上腺素所激发。 当警报反应进入抵抗阶段后，机体试图适应压力刺激或逃避压力。 如果这些努力成功，机体的状态就会恢复正常。 然而，如果生物体不能适应持续的压力，它就进入衰竭或崩溃的阶段。Seyle developed his model of the general adaptation syndr

9、ome as a result of research with rats and other animals. In rats, certain stressors, such as painful tail-pulling consistently led to the same sorts of stress reactions in humans, however, it is harder to predict what will be stressful to a particular person at a particular time. Whether a particula

10、r stimulus will be stressful depends on the persons subjective appraisal of that stimulus. How threatening is it? How well have I handled this sort of thing in the past? how well will I be able to handle it this time? for one person, being called on to give a talk in front of a class is a highly str

11、essful stimulus that will immediately produce such elements as a pounding heart and a dry mouth. for another person, being called on to give a talk is not threatening at all, but facing a deadline to complete a term paper is extremely stressful. in humans, moreover, the specific stress reaction is l

12、ikely to vary widely; some stressful situations give rise predominantly to emotions of fear, some give rise to anger, and some give rise to helplessness and depression.由于对老鼠和其他动物的研究，Seyle开发了他的一般适应综合征模型。在老鼠身上，某些压力因素，比如痛苦的尾巴拉扯，一直导致和人类出现同样的压力反应，然而，在特定的时间很难预测什么会对某个人造成压力。一个特定的刺激是否会产生压力取决于该人对该刺激的主观评价。这有多大

13、威胁？我过去如何处理这类事情？这次我能处理多好？对于一个人来说，在班级面前讲话是一种高度压力的刺激，会立即产生心跳和口干等元素。对另一个人来说，讲话根本不是威胁，但是面对完成学期论文的期限是非常紧张的。此外，在人类中，特定的应激反应可能差异很大;一些压力的情况主要是恐惧情绪，一些引起愤怒，一些引起无助和沮丧。Reading 2COPING WITH STRESS 应对压力It is Friday evening and two young lawyers get phone calls at home. The trial data for an important case has been

14、 moved up. Both of the lawyers will now have to prepare a report for the case by Monday morning. It is a threatening situation for both. Each must do extensive research and write a complex document of some 40 pages, all in a single weekend. furthermore, each knows that her work will be evaluated by

15、the firms partners, and how well she does may greatly in fluence her future in the firm.现在是星期五晚上，两位年轻律师在家接到了电话。一个重要案件的审判数据已被公布。 现在两位律师都必须在星期一早上准备一份报告。 这对双方都是一种威胁。 每个人都必须进行广泛的研究，并在一个周末内完成大约40页的复杂文档。 此外，每个人都知道她的工作将由公司的合作伙伴进行评估，而且她做得如何可能极大地影响她在公司的未来。One of the lawyers finds the situation extremely stre

16、ssful; she feels tremendous anxiety, experiences headaches and stomach upset, and has difficulty working. she somehow manages to produce a report, but she is not at all happy with it. the other lawyer, although she too feels the pressure of the situation, sees it not so much as a threat but as a cha

17、llenge-an opportunity to show how good she is. she moves into the firms offices for the weekend and sleeping only three hours a night, completes a brilliant report with a clear mind and a surge of energy. as this example helps illustrate, stress is caused not so much by events themselves as by the w

18、ays in which people perceive and react to events.其中一位律师认为情况极其紧张; 她感到非常焦虑，经历头痛，胃部不适，而且很难工作。 她以某种方式设法做出报告，但她对此并不满意。 另一位律师虽然也感受到了这种情况的压力，但并不认为这是一种威胁，而是一种挑战 - 一个显示她有多好的机会。 她周末进入公司办公室，每晚只睡三个小时，精神清醒，精力充沛，完成了一篇精彩的报告。 正如这个有力的例子说明的那样，压力不是由事件本身引起的，而是由人们对事件的感知和反应的方式引起的。Degree of control控制程度 An important influe

19、nce on peoples ability to cope with stressful situations is the degree of control that they feel they can exercise over the situation. both animals and humans have been found to cope better with painful or threatening stimuli when they feel they can exercise some degree of control rather than being

20、passive and helpless victims. such a sense of control can help minimize the negative consequences of stress, both psychological and physical. in one well-known experiment, Jay Weiss administered electric shocks to pairs of rats. In each pair, one of the two animals was given a degree of control over

21、 the situation; it could reach through a hole in the cage and press a panel that would turn off the shock both for itself and for its partner. Thus, the two rats received exactly the same number of shocks, but one was passive and helpless, and the other was in control. after a continuous 21-hour ses

22、sion, the animals were sacrificed and their stomachs examined for ulcers. those rats that could exert control had much less ulceration than their helpless partners. 人们应对压力的能力的一个重要影响是他们觉得自己可以对局势进行控制的程度。当动物和人类觉得自己可以行使某种程度的控制权，而不是被动和无助的受害者时，动物和人类都能更好地应对痛苦或威胁的刺激。这种控制感可以帮助最大限度地减少心理和生理压力的负面影响。在一个众所周知的实验中，

23、杰伊韦斯（Jay Weiss）对成对的老鼠进行电击。在每一对中，两只动物中的一只受到一定程度的控制，它可以通过笼子里的一个洞，并按下一个面板，可以为自己和它的伙伴关闭震动。因此，这两只老鼠受到的冲击数量完全相同，但是一只被动无助，另一只控制住了。连续21小时后，将动物处死并检查其胃部是否溃疡。那些可以控制的老鼠比他们无助的伴侣溃疡要少得多。The ability to control painful stimuli often benefits humans, too. For example, the loud music coming into your ears from your iP

24、od is probably not stressful; in fact, its quite enjoyable. but the same music coming from your neighbors house can be terribly and stressful. merely knowing that one can control a noise makes it less bothersome. Thats one reason why your loud music does not bother you-you know you can turn it off.控

25、制疼痛刺激的能力也经常使人类受益。 例如，从你的iPod进入你的耳朵大声的音乐可能没有压力， 事实上，这是相当愉快的。 但是来自你邻居家的同样的音乐可能会让你非常紧张。 只知道一个人能控制噪音会减少麻烦。 这就是为什么你的嘈杂音乐不会打扰你 - 你知道你可以把它关掉。Predictability可预测性Even when you cannot control them, unpleasant events tend to be less stressful if they are predictable - if you at least know when they will occur.

26、This was demonstrated by Weiss in another study with rats. One group of rats heard a buzzer about 10 seconds before they would receive a shock; although the animals could not escape the shock at least they had a chance to prepare themselves for the expected pain. A second group of rats received no s

27、uch warnings; The shocks came unpredictably. Weiss found that the rats that were forewarned of the shocks developed fewer ulcers than the rats that were not forewarned. This finding has parallels in human life. the death of a loved one, for example, is usually less traumatic when it is anticipated t

28、han when it is unexpected. On a less tragic level, many students find surprise quizzes to be more upsetting than scheduled quizzes that they can prepare for. 即使你无法控制他们，如果不愉快的事件是可预测的，那么往往会减轻压力 - 如果你至少知道他们什么时候会发生。 Weiss在另外一项关于老鼠的研究中证实了这一点。 一组老鼠在接到电击前约10秒钟听到蜂鸣声， 虽然动物至少不能逃避震荡，但他们有机会为预期的痛苦做好准备。 第二组老鼠没有收到

29、这样的警告; 冲击变得难以预料。 Weiss发现，预先警告的老鼠发生的溃疡比没有预先警告的老鼠要少。 这一发现与人类生活相似。 例如，所爱的人的死亡在预期的时候通常没有比在意想不到的时候痛苦。 在不那么悲惨的水平上，许多学生发现突击测验比他们可以准备的定期测验更令人不安。Personality factors个性因素Are some people generally better than others at coping with stress? Research suggests that the answer is yes - that there is a certain kind o

30、f person who has a relatively stress-resistant personality. The leading researcher in this field has been Suzanne Kobasa. Dr.Kobasa found that people who cope well with stress tend to have three characteristics: They are committed to what they are doing, they feel in control (rather than powerless),

31、 and they welcome moderate amounts of change and challenge. In studies of people facing stressful situations, Kobasa and her associates found that those with stress-resistant personalities- that is, those who are high in commitment, control, and challenge-experience fewer physical illnesses than tho

32、se whose personalities are less hardly. 有些人一般比其他人更好地应付压力吗？ 研究表明答案是肯定的 - 有某种人具有相应对抗压力的性格。 这个领域的领先研究者是Suzanne Kobasa。 Kobasa博士发现，处理压力的人倾向于有三个特点：他们致力于他们正在做的事情，他们感到可控的（而不是无能为力），他们欢迎适度的变化和挑战。 在面对压力情况的人们的研究中，Kobasa和她的同事发现那些有抗性的个性 - 即那些高度承诺，控制和挑战的人 - 比那些性格不那么强壮的人经历更少的身体疾病。Until quite recently, it was gener

33、ally believed that to maintain good health people should strive to avoid stressors in their lives. Such a strategy can be quite limiting, however. The desire to avoid stress may also lead people to avoid potentially beneficial changes in their lives, such as job changes or promotions. Moreover, the attempt to avoid stress is often