1、高考完形填空题专题辅导高考英语完形填空题专题辅导一、主要考查点(一)、固定搭配英语中的固定搭配种类繁多,包括各种固定短语、习惯用法等。如: “But they are damage to our houses and shops of historical interests.” Said John Norris, one of the protesters.(NMET99第30题)A. doing B. raising C. putting D. producing解析 固定搭配do damage to意为“损害,破坏”。应选A。(二)、词语辨析利用相似词语,即选项中所给的四个词词性和意义相
2、同或相近来设置选项。如果脱离语境或只看句子的一部分,此类题可能会有两个或两个以上的正确答案,但按语境分析,则只有一个正确答案。这类题主要考查考生的词汇及运用能力,而且近年来占很大的比重。如:Finally I turned the key in the lock and _ the door open, with. (NMET2000第40题)A. knocked B. forced C. pushed D. tried解析既然是turn the key,那么用push the door open才合理。应选C。(三)、语法知识这些语法知识可能包括从句引导词、主谓一致、名词或代词的数或格、非谓
3、语动词的用法、平行结构、倒装结构、强调句型、情态动词、虚拟语气、动词的基本时态及搭配等。但从近年的试题来看,单纯考查语法知识的题很少。例如:When Ed first phoned and _ we play, I laughed quietly, figuring on an easy victory.(NMET03第37题)A. declared B. mentioned C. persuaded D. suggested解析从we play可知本题考查的是虚拟语气的用法。应选D。(四)、前后语境主要考查考生结合全文结构和中心思想,根据常识或上下文提供的信息进行理解、分析以及推理的能力。这
4、种题型在高考完形填空中比例最大。通常以后制性设空为主。所谓后制性设空,是指设空的答案由未读过的下文决定。如果设空的答案由已读过的上文决定,则为前制性设空。需要综合上下文而定的答案,则为语篇性设空。完形填空的设空答案有的由一个句子决定,有的由相邻不远的句子决定,还有的则由语篇内容综合决定。因此语境型设空也可分为:(1)句子层次;(2)句组层次;(3)语篇层次。设空的难度,从句子层次到句组层次,再到语篇层次,依次递增。如2002年完形填空题,句子层次设空为5个,句组层次设空为6个,语篇层次设空为9个,语篇层次设空的比例超过了三分之一。又如,2003年NMET完形填空题有10个小题需要考生逾越句子层
5、次理解和推断。这种设题方式体现了“突出语篇”的命题思路。如:It was one of the most _ and tiring games Ive ever had. (NMET03第36题)A. encouraging B. hopeless C. surprising D. regular解析此题并非考查四个词的区别,而是考查对全文的理解。此空为后制性设空,通过文中结尾的叙述可推断C项为正确答案。(五)、行文逻辑有时,选项中的四个词为表示上下文逻辑关系的转换词语,它涉及文章的起承转合、上下连贯。这类题主要考查考生对上下文逻辑关系的理解,如转折关系、让步关系、因果关系、递进关系、增补关系
6、、比较关系、对比关系等,并考查考生对转换词语的运用能力。如:My cousin must have made an effort to get himself into shape. _, at the point in our game when Id predicted the score to be about 9 to 1 in my favor.(NMET03 第48题)AAfter all B. As a result C. Above all D. At last解析此处有出人意料之意,且表示结果,故B项符合行文逻辑。二、高考完形填空题稳中求变,近年也出现了一些新的变化。(一)词
7、义辨析比重加大高考加强实词和上下文语境的考查,势必增加对同义词、近义词辨析的考查。如2003年有5个小题涉及到词义辨析。(二)短文用语更加真实高考完形填空题所用语言更加接近英美人的实际交际用语。生活中使用的非正式的、口语化的用语正在增多,不合语法规范的语言现象也偶尔出现。如2002年NMET完形填空短文中就出现了这样的句子“you fool”,还出现了一些口语化的语言 “Because you are so goddamned educated”, 其中goddamned 为非正式口头语,用来增强语气,意为“很、很大”。(三)副词考查相对集中经研究表明:even, ever, still, j
8、ust, almost, already等副词似乎备受高考命题者的青睐。大部分年份均对此点作过考查。1996年:A. even B. still C. always D. almost1998年:A. yet B. even C. never D. just2000年:A. yet B. only C. even D. still2001年:A. even B. hardly C. certainly D. probably2002年:A. Then B. Thus C. Therefore D. Yet(四)排比结构多次重现 高考完形填空短文中常常会出现一些排比结构和平行结构,掌握这些结构极
9、为相似的句子可大大提高我们的解题效果。请看下面两例。When she wants to be picked up, Washoe points up with one finger. She rubs her teeth with her finger when she wants to brush her teeth.(NMET95)Should the wallet, found in the street, be put into a pocket or turned over to the policeman? Should the extra change received at t
10、he store be forgotten or returned?(NMET96)(五)答案分布趋于均等1999年(共25空)A(7) B(6) C(6) D(6)2000年(共20空)A(5) B(4) C(5) D(6)2001年(共20空)A(4) B(6) C(5) D(5)2002年(共20空)A(6) B(4) C(5) D(5)2003年(共20空)A(5) B(5) C(5) D(5)所以对于没有把握的题目,考生若是要猜的话,最好去猜那些已选答案较少的选项,这样得分的可能性要大些。三、完形填空题实用破题技巧高考完形填空题命制的心理学依据是“格式塔心理学”,意为组织结构或整体。
11、该心理学派认为:人的心理现象最基本的特征是在意识经验中所显现的事物的结构性或整体性。所以,在解答完形填空题时,必须首先通读全文,把握语篇的轮廓和话题;在把握语篇的解题线索的基础上,再综合运用自己的语言知识、词汇知识、语法知识以及文化背景等知识,利用分析、判断、推理等手段,进而有效地解题。据此,介绍下面一些解题技巧。(一)、利用首句信息解题首句是一个完整的句子,它提供的信息是把握全文主旨的关键,可以帮助我们判断全文大意甚至全文主题。【例】The measure of a mans real character is what he would do if he knew he would nev
12、er be found out. Thomas Macaulay (NMET96)解析这是短文开头的一个引证。它用名人语录揭示主题。本句的意思是:衡量人真正本质的标准是当他知道无人能知晓时,他的所作所为如何。实际上,这是下面完形填空全文的论点。下文紧接着用了4段篇幅,以自己一次考试中的作弊为例,讲述往事,结尾进行了评价自觉性对于一个人的意义。如果能看懂开头所引语录,则能较快地领悟全文的主旨。(二)、利用语法分析解题完形填空中考查语法项目的题目可以利用所学的语法结构、句式特点来解题。【例】 51 do you suppose he asked for them?(NMET02)51. A. Wh
13、at B. How C. Who D. Which解析do you suppose为插入成分。“he asked for them” 是一个相对独立和完整的句子,因此空格处应该用副词How来修饰谓语动词asked,而不能用代词 What, Who或 Which。(三)、利用惯用法和词语辨析知识解题完形填空题中对词汇知识的考查,主要体现在习惯用法和同义词、近义词的辨析两方面。对词义辨析题的考查有加大力度的趋势。要做好这类题,需要有较大的词汇量和词语搭配能力、词语辨析能力,特别是在特定的语境中能灵活运用的能力。【例】These days, only a few people continue to
14、 take the story of the Abominable Snowman 52 . But if they ever succeed in catching one, they may face a real problem: Would they put it in a zoo or give it a room in a hotel?(NMET01)52. A. lightly B. jokingly C. seriously D. properly解析这一段是对全文作出的一个小结,说明雪人的传说流传至今,人们对其所持的态度。句中的“only a few people.”表明时至
15、今日,仍“信其有”的人已经很少了。与之对应,应该用短语动词 take sth/sb seriously,表示“只有很少人把这传说当真”。(四)、利用语篇标志解题语篇一般指比句子长的语言单位,如句群、段落、篇章等。语篇与语篇之间往往有表明其内在联系的词语,这些词语被称为“语篇标志”。如表示结构层次的语篇标志语有:firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally等;表示逻辑关系的语篇标志语有thus, therefore, so等;表示改变话题的语篇标志语有by the way等;表示递进关系的语篇标志语有besides, whats more, further等;表示时间关
16、系的语篇标志语有before, so far, yet, meanwhile, later等等。在做完形填空时,如果能充分利用这些语篇标志语,就可以迅速理清文章的脉络,弄清上下文的关系。【例】If the 24-hour cycle is disturbed most people experience unpleasant feelings. For example, people who are not used to working at night can find that lack of sleep causes them to perform badly at work. 1 t
17、he daily cycle of sleeping and waking, we also have other cycles which last longer than one day.1. A. With B. As well as C. Except D. Rather than解析上一段讲的是一天的睡眠和工作的周期,下一段讲比一天持续时间更长的其他周期。文中的also 和other是语篇标志语。必须用连词 as well as(和,又)连接两个同类事物。(五)、利用文化背景和生活常识解题完形填空命题的基本形式是独立的语篇,它以自身的内容提供完整的语篇信息,但其中有时渗透着相关的如文
18、化科学、历史地理、风俗民情等方面的知识。高中生已经掌握了丰富的文化背景知识和生活常识,具备了一定的判断能力。在做题时,若能积极地调动自己的文化背景和生活常识,巧妙地加以运用,特别是注意中西方文化的差异,将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程,节省时间,顺利地沿作者的思路阅读下去。【例】Most believe the footprints are nothing more than ordinary animal tracks, which had been made 47 as they melted (融化) and refroze in the snow.(NMET01)47. A. stra
19、nge B. large C. deep D. rough解析根据常识判断,当这类footprints melted and refroze in the snow 时,它们的确有可能会变得strange, large, deep或 rough(=not smooth) 。但在诸多特征里面,最能引起人们联想到雪人与一般动物的脚印不同之处是其“大”,而非其他。另外还有这样一个常识:雪上较深的印痕经过融化和再次冻结后,会变得更大一些。故选B。(六)、利用逻辑判断解题【例】.and they said that they had even caught Yetis on two occasions
20、though none has been produced as evidence(证据).But, 50 , no evidence has ever actually been produced.(NMET01)50. A. so B. besides C. again D. instead解析用连词“But”,表示前文那位Russian scientist虽有说法,但无证据。由evidence可追寻到第二段的末尾“none has been produced as evidence”,可判断是“再次否定”,该用副词again。文章需要把前后所讲到的事物联系起来,因而必然用到各类篇章粘合手
21、段,关联词的使用就是其一。(七)、利用暗示和对应解题高考完形填空题,虽然也穿插了对语法、短语和词的辨析、句子结构的考查等,但对文章故事情节发展线索的逻辑考查仍是重点。暗示与上下对应的思维方法,是突破此类完形填空最关键的思维方式。【例】 Mr. Adamson enjoys playing the violin in his spare time. He is often carried away by his own 1 . But it is a 2 time for his neighbors when Mr. Adamson plays as he does so badly.One d
22、ay Mr. Adamson sat by a 3 and began to play the violin as usual. Mr. Adamson seemed to be making 4 instead of music. But he was so 5 that he almost forgot what he was doing. Just then, some stones were thrown out of the window under which Mr. Adamson was sitting.1. A. violin B. music C. neighbors D.
23、 hands2. A. terrible B. useless C. wonderful D. long3. A. house B. door C. window D. wall4. A. sound B. something C. noises D. voices 5. A. angry B. excited C. comfortable D. disappeared解析先不要急于下手,应通过上下文找出相关的暗示。如原文中的划线部分均是有用的暗示。as he does so badly暗示他的音乐令邻居很痛苦,故第2空应选A;carried away by his own.暗示他总是自我陶醉
24、,故第5空答案为B;instead of music 表明他弹出的不是音乐,而是noises,因为它使邻居terrible,故推出1、4两空的答案分别为B、C。而the window暗示了第3空的答案为C。(八)、利用排除法解题解答完形填空题需要进行认真的阅读、理解、推理和判断,需要对四个选项进行仔细的辨别、分析。有时会遇到这样的情况,对某个题目的正确选项的含义、用法不甚明白,但发现其他选项有显而易见的谬误。这时,可以尝试着用排除法。【例】Should the wallet, found in the street, be put into a pocket, or turned over t
25、o the policeman? Should the 47 change received at the store be forgotten or returned? Nobody will know except you. But you have to live with yourself, and it is always better to live with someone you respect.(NMET96)47. A. extra B. small C. some D. necessary解析本题考查形容词的辨义。文中列举几个事例来说明我们每天都会做personal de
26、cisions。本空缺就是一例:在商店购物时多找的change(即extra change)应当如何处理?如果对extra的用法和意义掌握不好,可用排除法选出正确答案。其中选项C、D与命题明显不符,所以容易排除。选项B干扰性极强,需认真考虑。small change意思是“零钱”,买东西找回零钱,为什么要忘记forgotten 或归还returned呢?明显逻辑不通,所以此处用small意思不妥,可以把B项排除。剩下的选项A自然就是本题的正确答案。(九)、利用排比结构解题 试题命制者常从排比结构的句式相同或相似这一角度,利用其表现意义的关联或对比这一特点来设空。【例】 Many people
27、now think that teachers give pupils too much homework. They say that it is 51 for children to work at home in their free time. 52 , they argue that most teachers do not 53 plan the homework tasks they give to pupils. (03春上海试题)51. A. unnecessary B. uninteresting C. unfortunate D. unimportant52. A. Ne
28、vertheless B. However C. Therefore D. Moreover53. A. considerably B. favorably C. properly D. pleasantly解析该排比结构由Many people think that.They say that.they argue that.所组成。在意义上表现了人们(学生家长)对学生课业负担过重的抱怨。该结构中所设置的三个空格的正确填入,要求考生首先把握结构所体现的“主题” 抱怨作业太多。其次,要求考生理解三句之间在表达意义上的递进关系。即:作业过多“too much homework”;所以,课余学生在
29、家做作业是没必要的“unnecessary”;不仅如此,教师对作业的设计也不合适“not properly”。故答案分别为A,D,C。(十)、利用词汇复现解题 完形填空试题中,某一词常常以原词、同义词或近义词、概括词以及其它形式重复出现在语篇之中。词汇复现的语用意义使得语篇中的句子相互衔接和连贯,从而构成一个完整和有机的意义整体。如: 【例】And the clerk confirmed that his plane was leaving at nine oclock three days from that day. Since he was 44 in three days, Andy
30、didntt lose anytime. (03全国春季题)44. A. moving B. returning C. staying D. leaving解析可以很容易地找到设空部分的解题线索 上文的复现词汇leaving。故答案为D。(十一)、利用对比结构解题 对比结构把两种对立的事物或同一事物的两个不同方面并列出来加以比较或对比。完形填空题常利用句子之间的对比关系或同一个句子的不同部分之间的对比关系设计题目。【例】A pupil who can do his homework in a quiet and 59 room is in a much better position than
31、 a pupil who does his homework in a small, noisy room with the television on. (03春季上海试题)59. A. furnished B. expensive C. comfortable D. suitable解析该题利用相似短语之间的对比关系来命题。设空部分与下文的a small, noisy room with the television on存在对比关系。作者想借此说明“相同的作业”对于“不同家庭背景的学生”所表现出的事实上的不公平。答案为C。四、完形填空高考押题高考押题题型一:词义辨析型The following is a true story. It shows that potential(可能性,潜力) discovered may lead to success.A young man traveled by train. As it was running across a 1 passengers looked out of 2 idly and aimlessly. When the train came ne
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