Persistence of full and parttime farming in Southern China.docx

1、Persistence of full and parttime farming in Southern ChinaPersistence of full- and part-time farming in Southern ChinaThe goal of this study is to assess the dynamics of rural households labor market participation in the wake of Chinas efforts to develop rural labor markets in a manner that is condu

2、cive to its transition to a market economy. Based on a theoretical model that emphasizes the impact of duration, i.e. of the number of years households spent part-time farming or full-time farming, respectively, we investigate the shifts between these two states. We also identify socioeconomic facto

3、rs that determine these shifts. The empirical study is based on discrete time hazard approaches, using micro-level panel data from Zhejiang, Hubei, and Yunnan provinces from 1995 to 2002. Estimation results suggest relatively high chances of shifts from full-time to part-time farming and a considera

4、ble lower risk for the shift in the opposite direction. Significant negative duration dependence is found for the move from full-time to part-time farming suggesting lock-in effects. In addition, we find that labor market participation decisions are significantly related to several household, farm a

5、nd village characteristics. In particular, the likelihood of shifts from full-time farming to part-time farming is positively related to the educational level of households workforce.Relationship between the economic cost and the reliability of the electric power supply system in city: A case in Sha

6、nghai of ChinaThis paper presents a model to quantify the impact of electric power outages on GDP by using CobbDouglas production function to develop an economic relationship between the reliability of the electric power supply system and the cost of electric energy unserved. Our findings show that

7、average costs for providing a stable power supply are much lower than disruption costs, which is supported by recurring to the data available of Shanghai. Estimated by using Shanghais macroeconomic data of 19902006, this relationship indicates that the impact of electricity service disruption on Sha

8、nghais GDP is about 48.18108CNY in 2006, matching an alternative “back-of-envelope” estimate of 50.91108 CNY. The estimated costs per kWh unserved are 1.8110.26 CNY in 19902006, mirroring the increasing importance of electricity in the periods economic development. These results demonstrate the usef

9、ulness of our approach for quantifying the reliability benefits of investments in electricity infrastructure.坚持全和兼职种田在南中国这项研究的The目标是估计农村家庭的有助于它的与市场经济的转折的劳动力市场参与动力学由于中国的努力有些开发农村劳动力市场。 基于强调期间的冲击的一个理论模型，即几年家庭的数量花费了兼职种田或全时种田，各自，我们调查在这两个状态之间的转移。 我们也辨认确定这些转移的社会经济的因素。 经验主义的研究根据离散时间危险方法，使用微级水平仪从浙江、湖北和云南省的盘区

10、数据从1995年到2002年。 Estimation结果建议相对地转移的高机会从全时的到种田和转移的兼职一种可观的更低的风险在相反方向中。 重大消极期间依赖性为从全时的移动被找到向兼职种田建议锁住效应。 另外，我们发现劳动力市场参与决定显著与几有关家庭、农厂和村庄特征。 特别是，转移可能从全时种田的到兼职种田肯定地与家庭的劳工有关的教育程度。在经济费用和供电电源系统的可靠性的之间Relationship在城市： 案件在中国的上海 This纸提出一个模型定量电力储运损耗的冲击对国民生产总值通过使用CobbDouglas生产职能发展供电电源系统的可靠性和unserved的电能之间的费用的经济关系。

11、 我们的研究结果表示，提供的稳定的电源平均代价低于中断费用，通过复发支持对数据可利用上海。 估计通过使用19902006 Shanghais宏观经济学数据，在2006年这个关系表明电服务中断的冲击对Shanghais国民生产总值是大约48.18 108 CNY，匹配50.91 108 CNY的选择“back-of-envelope”估计。 估计成本每unserved的kWh是1.8110.26在19902006的CNY，反映电的增长的重要性在periods经济发展的。 这些结果展示我们的定量的投资的可靠性好处方法的有用性在电基础设施的。Informal lending amongst frie

12、nds and relatives: Can microcredit compete in rural China?This paper explores the relationship between informal and formal lending in China with consideration of how the strength of informal lending might affect microcredit. Lending relationships involving trust are investigated using original surve

13、y data from over 1500 farm households. Econometric results confirm a relationship between trust and informal lending, and mistrust and formal lending. With over 67% of farm households borrowing from friends and relatives the economic significance between this form of informal lending and borrowing f

14、rom Rural Credit Cooperatives and Micro Finance Institutions cannot be overlooked.Chinese midwives views on a proposed midwife-led normal birth unitObjectiveto investigate and assess Chinese midwives views of their roles and ability to practice in a proposed midwife-led normal birth unit (MNBU). Des

15、igna self-completed questionnaire supplemented with semi-structured telephone interviews. Memos, diaries, correspondence and comments of Chinese collaborators were also accessed. Settingsix hospitals in Hangzhou, the capital of Zhejiang province. Participants143 midwives were contacted and completed

16、 the questionnaire survey. Three midwives were subsequently interviewed. Findingsthe response rate was 100%; 86% of midwives supported the development of an MNBU, and 94.4% expressed confidence that they would be able to practice in an MNBU. The study shed new light on: (1) the meaning of an MNBU in

17、 the Chinese context; (2) the need for development of an MNBU; (3) role conflicts among midwives, doulas, nurses and obstetricians; (4) professional expertise and tension; and (5) the low status of Chinese midwives. Conclusionthe proposed MNBU is welcomed by Chinese midwives. Their consensus and con

18、fidence show that there is enthusiasm for this project to proceed. However, the Chinese have never thought of MNBU services before. There is a need to develop well-structured philosophy, policy, procedures and outcome measures. Implications for practicethe findings highlight the importance of an MNB

19、U to re-establish Chinese midwives support of physiological childbirth. The extent to which Chinese midwives understand an MNBU could be further explored. The result may provide a possible route to the continuity of midwifery care and support.在亲戚朋友之中的不拘形式的借贷： 少量银行存款能在农村中国竞争？ This纸在有考虑的中国探索不拘形式和正式借贷之

20、间的关系不拘形式的借贷力量怎样也许影响少量银行存款。 使用从1500个农厂家庭的原始的勘测数据介入信任的借贷关系被调查。 经济计量学的结果证实信任和不拘形式的借贷之间的一个关系和不信任和正式借贷。 67%借用从亲戚朋友的农厂家庭在不拘形式的借贷和借款的这个形式从农村信用合作社和微金融机关之间的经济意义不可能被忽略。在一个提出的接生婆被带领的正常诞生单位的Chinese midwives视图 Objectiveto在一个提出的接生婆被带领的正常诞生单位(MNBU)调查并且估计他们的角色和能力中国midwives视图实践。 Designa自已完成了用半被构造的电视采访补充的查询表。 备忘录、日志、

21、中国合作者的书信和评论也访问了。 Settingsix医院在杭州，浙江省的首都。 Participants143接生婆与联系并且完成了查询表调查。 三位接生婆后来被采访了。 Findingsthe反应速度是100%; 86%接生婆支持MNBU的发展，并且94.4%表达了信心他们能实践在MNBU。 研究发出了新的光： (1) MNBU的意思在中国上下文; (2)对MNBU的发展的需要; (3)角色在接生婆、doulas、护士和产科医生之中相冲突; (4)专业技能和紧张; 并且(5)中国接生婆的低等。 Conclusionthe提议MNBU由中国接生婆欢迎。 他们的公众舆论和信心表示，有这个项目的

22、热情能进行。 然而，中国人以前从未认为MNBU服务。 有需要开发well-structured哲学、政策、做法和结果措施。 实践的Implicationsthe研究结果突出MNBU的重要性重建生理分娩中国midwives支持。 中国接生婆了解MNBU的程度可能进一步被探索。 结果也许提供一条可能的路线给助产关心和支持连续性。A study on some urban bus transport networksIn this paper, we present the empirical investigation results on the urban bus transport netw

23、orks (BTNs) of four major cities in China. In BTN, nodes are bus stops. Two nodes are connected by an edge when the stops are serviced by a common bus route. The empirical results show that the degree distributions of BTNs take exponential function forms. Other two statistical properties of BTNs are

24、 also considered, and they are suggested as the distributions of so-called “the number of stops in a bus route” (represented by S) and “the number of bus routes a stop joins” (by R). The distributions of R also show exponential function forms, while the distributions of S follow asymmetric, unimodal

25、 functions. To explain these empirical results and attempt to simulate a possible evolution process of BTN, we introduce a model by which the analytic and numerical result obtained agrees well with the empirical facts. Finally, we also discuss some other possible evolution cases, where the degree di

26、stribution shows a power law or an interpolation between the power law and the exponential decay.Perceived quality of communication amongst outpatients in western and traditional Chinese medicine clinics in a Chinese populationObjectiveThis study investigates differences in perceived communication b

27、y patients of the quality of outpatient episodes in an urban Chinese population. MethodsA representative, population based survey was conducted in Hong Kong, China. A random sample of respondents aged 15 years who had received outpatient care the 30 days previous to enumeration were invited to evalu

28、ate communication with their doctors and the overall quality of their latest consultation. ResultsThe majority thought that their clinicians were listening carefully (93.5%), explaining clearly (93.1%), expressing appropriate respect (93.8%), and were allocating sufficient time for consultation (89.

29、5%). 97.6% gave 510 points out of 10 for overall healthcare quality. Compared to users of private western medicine (WM) services, multivariate analysis showed that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) patients were more likely to rate their clinicians highly for listening skills but low for respect. U

30、sers of WM public services were more likely to be dissatisfied with all evaluated aspects. Favourable ratings were more likely to be expressed by those who are older, less educated, and those who paid by indemnity insurance. ConclusionsWe have highlighted three unique observations: first, patients p

31、erception of clinicianpatient communication in out patients differs between WM and TCM. Second, patients who used public WM services rate the quality of their visits lower than those in the private WM sector. Lastly, we have observed a negative association between higher education background and sat

32、isfaction level. Further researches are warranted.关于一些都市公共汽车运输网的一项研究 In本文，我们在中国提出在都市公共汽车运输网(BTNs)的经验主义的调查结果四个主要城市。 在BTN，结是公共汽车站。 当中止由一个共同的公共汽车路线时，为服务二个结由边缘连接。 经验主义的结果表示， BTNs的程度发行采取指数函数形式。 BTNs另外两统计物产也被考虑，并且他们在公共汽车route”上被建议，当所谓的“the数字的中止(代表由S)和公共汽车路线的“the数字的发行中止joins” (R)。 而S的发行跟随不对称，用单峰分布描述的作用， R的发行也显示指数函数形式。 要解释这些经验主义的结果和试图模仿BTN的一个可能的演变过程，我们介绍得到的分析和数字结果很好与经验主义的事实一致的模型。 终于，我们也谈论其他可能的演变案件，程度发行显示力量法律或在力量法律和指数衰变之间的插值法。通信的Perceived质量在门诊病人之中的在中国人口的西部和中医诊所的 ObjectiveThis研究由门诊病人情节的质量的患者调查在被察觉的通信上的区别在都市中国人口的。 MethodsA代表，根据人口的勘测在香港，中