词汇学笔记.docx

1、词汇学笔记一、选择1-15；二、填空16-20*2；三、四、21-40选择连线；五、41-45名词解释*2；六、简答46-48*4；七、分析综合49-50*9针对复习：一、选择：二、填空：三、四、选择连线*1、types of morphemes: Free morphemes; bound morphemes; inflectional morphemes.2、types of bound morphemes：Prefix; Suffix.3、types of idioms: Idioms Nominal in nature; Idioms Adjectival in nature; Idi

2、oms Verbal in nature; Idioms Adverbal in nature; sentence idioms.4、types of word meaning: Grammatical meaning and lexical meaning; conceptual meaning and associative meaning (connotative meaningstylistic affective collocative )5、idioms stylistic features: colloquialisms; slang; literary expressions.

3、6、idioms rhetorical features:phonetic manipulation (alliterationrhyme); lexical manipulation (reiterationrepetitionjuxtaposition);figures of speech (similemetaphormetonymysynecdovheeuphemismpersonification)7、types of word formation: affixation; compounding; conversion; blending; clipping; acronym; b

4、ack-formation; word from proper names.8、changes in wording: extension; narrowing; elevation; degradation; transfer.9、types of motivation: morphological motivated; semantic ; etymological ; onomatopoeic 10、语系划分的标准Estern set : Balto-Slavic(Prussian, Lithuanian , Polish ,Czech, Bulgarian ,Slovenian and

5、 Russian.), Indo-Iranian（Persian, Hindi）, Armenian and Albanian ；Western set : Celtic(Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Breton), Italic(Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian , Roumanian) , Hellenic(Greek), Germanic(Norwegian ,Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, English, German).五、41-45名词解释*2；Lexicology is a branch

6、of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.Morphology : the study of morpheme and their different forms.Semantics：the study of word meaning.Etymology: the study of the origin of words, and of their history and changes in their meaning.Stylistics : the study of the variation in

7、language which is dependent on the situation in which the language is used and also on the effect the writer or speaker wishes to create on the reader or hearerLexicography : the compiling of dictionaries.Synchronic study : the study of a word or words at one particular point in time.Diachronic stud

8、y: an approach to lexicology which studies how a word (or words) changes over a period of time.word: a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.vocabulary：Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for

9、 all the words used in a particular historical period.Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person.Terminology术语 consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine:

10、Jargon 行话refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business.slang 俚语belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal on

11、es available to everyone and in-group wordsArgot黑话 generally refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups, and outsiders can hardly understand it,Archaisms古词语 are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited us

12、e.Neologisms 新词语are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.denizens同化词are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language.Alien非同化词 are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling.Translati

13、on-loans. 借译词Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language.Semantic-loans借义词Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form. But their meanings are borrowed.Content wor

14、d: the basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary ,which accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. It is the most important part of vocabulary.Creation : the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements. Semant

15、ic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need.Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit in a languageAllomorph: any of the different forms of a morphemeFree morpheme: a linguistic form which can be used on its own as a wordBound morpheme: a form (morpheme) which can not

16、he used alone hut must be used with another morpheme. Bound morphemes include hound roots and affixesAffixes: forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or functionPrefixation(suffixation): is the formation of new words by adding prefixes(suffixes) to stemInflectional affixe

17、s: affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationshipsDerivational affixes: affixes added to other morphemes to create new wordsRoot: a morpheme which is the basic part of a word that can not be further analyzed without total loss of identityStem: a form to which affixes of an

18、y kind can be addedBound root: a root that can not stand alone as a wordMonomorphemic words: words that have nothing more than a free morphemeAffixation: Derivation (also known as affixation) is the process of formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. Affixaton cons

19、isits of prefixation and suffixation. Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems; suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.Compounding: Compounding or composition is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this

20、way tire called compounds.Conversion：Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Functional shift = conversion Zero-derivation .Adjective to noun : (1) full conversion (2) partial conversionAcronymy Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joini

21、ng the initial letters of neames of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms Acronymy 包含两类:1) initialisms (不发音)e.g. BBC, VOA, TB2) acronyms (形成新的发音)e.g. CORE, TEFLBlending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a won! plus a part of ano

22、ther word. Words formed by blending are called blends or pormanteau.Clipping is a way of making new words which involves the shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.Back-formation is a process of forming new words considered to the opposite process

23、of suffixation by the removal of an affix from existing word.Words from proper names of place, people, trade, book, etc.Concept,is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mindSense : denotes the relationships inside the language.Reference is the

24、 relationship between language and the world外来词分为四类：1 Denizens ,cup from cuppa , port form portus 2) Aliens garage , dcor 3) Translation loans e.g. long time no see 4) Semantic- loans.e.g. dream.Motivation 分类：onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation, etymological motiva

25、tion.Types of meaning: grammatical & lexical ; conceptual & associative (connotative, stylistic, affective , collocative ,)多义关系及两种研究方法:Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural language that one word has two or more senses or meanings. Diachronic approach is an approach to polysemy which

26、studies how a word derived its different meanings from its primary meaning in the course of time. Synchronic approach is an approach to polysemy which studies the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time. Primary meaning is the only meaning that a word

27、had when it was first created. Derived meanings are the meanings that a word gets from the primary meaning at different stages of its development in the course of time.同形同音异义关系 Homonymy is one of the features of words that a word is different in meaning from another, but either identical both in sou

28、nd and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling with the other Homonyms generally fall into three classes: perfect homonyms (same name); homographs (same spelling) and homophones （some sound）. Perfect homonyms are those words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning, e.g

29、. bear /bea/ (n) a large heavy animal; bear /bea/ (v) to put up with. Homographs are the words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. saw / / (v) to scatter seeds; sow /sau/ (n) female adult pig. Homophones refer to the words identical only in sound but different in spel

30、ling and meaning, e.g. dear /dia/ (n) a loved person; deer /dia/ (n) a kind of animal.同形同音异义词与多义词的区别 Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with regard to spelling and pronunciation. This creates the problem of differentiation. The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemant

31、s lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings. One important criterion is to see their etymology, i.e. homonyms are from different sources whereas a polysemant is fro

32、m the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness. The various meanings of a polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning to a greater or lesser degree, e. g. neck (See 6.1 Polysemy) . On the other hand, meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another. In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.同义关系Synonyms are wor