1、届高考英语一轮复习 代词讲解 精品2020届高考英语一轮复习讲解:代词【知识要点】代词的分类 1.人称代词:主格I, we, you, he, she, it, they宾格me, us, you, him, her, it, them 2.物主代词:形容词性my, our, your, his, her, its, their名词性mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs 3.反身代词:单数myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself复数ourselves, yourselves, themselves 4.相
2、互代词:each other (两者之间相互);one another (两者以上的相互) 5.指示代词:this, that, these, those 6.疑问代词:who, whom, whose, which, what 7.关系代词:who, whom, whose, that(指人),which, that, as, whose(指物) 8.不定代词:all, each, either, neither, both, none, other, another, something, everything, nothing somebody, everybody, nobody so
3、meone, everyone, no one, many, much, few, less 一、人称代词人称代词是表示“我”“你”“他”“她”“它”“我们”“你们”“他们”的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,见下表:单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称人称代词主格Iyouhe,she,itweyouthey宾格meyouhim,her,itusyouthem人称代词的用法1.人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补足语。如: John waited a while but eventually he went home.约翰等了一会儿,最后他回家了。 John hoped t
4、he passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. 约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。 说明:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中。When he arrived,John went straight to the bank.约翰一到就直接去银行了。2.人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语,但在口语中也能作主语补语,第一人称在省略句中,还可以作主语。如: I saw her with them;at least,I thought it was her.我看到她和他们在一起,至少我认为是她。(第一个her
5、作动词宾语,them作介词宾语,第二个her作表语) Who broke the vase?谁打碎了花瓶? Me.我。3.人称代词之主、宾格的替换 (1)宾格代替主格 在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not 后,多用宾语。 I like English.我喜欢英语。 Me too.我也喜欢。 Have more wine?再来点酒喝吗? Not me.我可不要了。 在表示比较的非正式的文体中,常用宾格代替主格。 但如果比较状语的谓语保留,则主语只能用主格。 He is taller than I/me. He is taller than I am. 2)主格代替宾格 在介词but,exc
6、ept后,有时可用主格代替宾格。 在电话用语中常用主格。 I wish to speak to Mary.我想和玛丽通话。 This is she.我就是玛丽。 注意:在动词be 或to be后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。 I thought it was she.我以为是她。(主格主格) I thought it to be her.(宾格宾格) I was taken to be she.我被当成了她。(主格主格) They took me to be her.他们把我当成了她。(宾格宾格)4.代词的指代问题 1)不定代词 anybody,everybody,nobody,anyo
7、ne, someone, everyone,no one, 及whoever和person在正式场合使用时,可用he,his,him代替。如:Nobody came,did he?谁也没来,是吗? 2)动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替,有时也用he,she,带有亲切的感情色彩。如: Give the cat some food.She is hungry.给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。 3)指代车或国家,船舶的名词,含感情色彩时常用she。5.并列人称代词的排列顺序 1)单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:第二人称 第三人称第一人称,即you he/she; it I。如: You,he an
8、d I should return on time.你,他还有我应该按时回来。 2)复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:第一人称 第二人称第三人称,即weyouthey。注意: 在下列情况中,第一人称放在前面。 在承认错误,承担责任时。 It was I and John that made her angry.是我和约翰惹她生气了。 在长辈对晚辈,长官对下属说话时,如长官为第一人称,如: I and you try to finish it.我和你去弄好它。 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时。 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。 二、 物主代词物主代词是表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格
9、。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种,其人称和数的变化见下表。单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称物主代词形容词性myyourhis,her,itsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshis,hers,itsoursyourstheirs如:I like his car.我喜欢他的小汽车。 Our school is here,and theirs is there.我们的学校在这儿,他们的在那儿。 1.物主代词的用法 1)物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用。如: John had cut his finger; apparently there
10、was a broken glass on his desk.?约翰割破了手指,显而易见,他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。 2)物主代词有形容词性(my,your等)和名词性(mine,yours等)两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的s属格结构。如: Jacks cap意为The cap is Jacks。 His cap意为The cap is his。2.名词性物主代词的句法功能 1)作主语。如: May I use your pen? Yours works better. 我可以用一用你的钢笔吗?你的比我的 好用。 2)作宾语。如: I love
11、my motherland as much as you love yours. 我深爱我的祖国就像你深爱你的祖国一样。 3)作介词宾语。如: You should interpret what I said in my sense of the word,not in yours.你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话,而不能按你自己的去解释。 4)作表语。如: The life I have is yours.Its yours.Its yours.我的生命属于你,属于你,属于你。3.双重所有格 物主代词不可与a,an,this,that,these,those,some,any,severa
12、l,no,each,every,such,another,which等词一起前置,修饰一个名词,而必须用双重所有格。公式为:a,an,this,that+名词+of+名词性物主代词。 三、指示代词指示代词表示“那个”“这个”“这些”“那些”等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this,that,these,those等。如: That is a good idea.那是个好主意。 指示代词的用法 1.指示代词分单数(this/that)和复数(these/those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可作代词。 2.指示代词的句法功能。 1)作主语。如: This is the way to do it.这事儿
13、就该这样做。 2)作宾语。如: I like this better than that.我喜欢这个甚至那个。 3)作表语。如: My point is this.我的观点就是如此。 4)作介词宾语。如: I dont say no to that.我并未拒绝那个。 There is no fear of that.那并不可怕。 说明1:指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分时只能指物,不能指人。如:(对)That is my teacher.那是我的老师。(that作主语,指人) (对)He is going to marry this girl.他要和这个姑娘结婚。(this作
14、限定词) (错)He is going to marry this.(this作宾语时不能指人) (对)I bought this.我买这个。(this指物,可作宾语) 说明2:that和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和 these不能,同时,在作先行词时,只有those可指人,试比较: (对)He admired that which looked beautiful.他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。 (对) He admired those who looked beautiful.他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人) (错) He admired that who danced
15、well.(that作宾语时不能指人) (对)He admired those who danced well.他赞赏跳舞好的人。(those指人) (对)He admired those which looked beautiful.他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。(those指物) 四、反身代词表示“我自己”“你自己”“他自己”“我们自己”“你们自己”和“他们自己”等的代词,叫做自身代词,也称为“反身代词”。如: She was talking to herself.她自言自语。反身代词单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称myselfyourselfHimselfhersel
16、fitselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves反身代词的用法1.作宾语,如 1)有些动词需有反身代词,如absent,bathe,amuse,blame,dry,cut,enjoy,hurt,introduce,behave等。如: We enjoyed ourselves very much last night.我们昨晚玩得很开心。 Please help yourself to some fish.请你随便吃点鱼。 2)用于及物动词+宾语+介词,如: take pride in,be annoyed with,help oneself to sth等。 I co
17、uld not dress(myself)up at that time.那个时候我不能打扮我自己。 注:有些动词后不跟反身代词,如:get up,sit down,stand up,wake up等。 Please sit down.请坐。2.用作表语。如。 I am not myself today.我今天不舒服。3.用作同位语。如 The thing itself is not important.事情本身并不重要。4.在不强调的情况下,but,except,for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。 注意:1)反身代词本身不能单独作主语。 (错)Myself drove the
18、 car. (对)I myself drove the car.我自己开车。 2)但在and,or,nor连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是myself 作主语。Charles and myself saw it.查尔斯和我看见了这件事。 五、 相互代词表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词,有each other和one another两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的。如: It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.
19、显而易见,不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。相互代词宾格each other,one another所有格each others,one anothers相互代词的句法功能 1.作动词宾语。如: People should love one another.人们应当彼此相爱。2.可作介词宾语。如: Dogs bark,cocks crow,frogs croak to each other.犬吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。 说明:传统语法认为,相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other, 存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中,两组词交替使用的实例也很多。 He put all
20、the books beside each other/one another.他把所有书并列摆放起来。 Usually these small groups were independent of each other.这些小团体通常是相互独立的。3.相互代词可加 s构成所有格。如: The students borrowed each others notes.学生们互借笔记。 六、不定代词不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有all,both,each,every等,以及含有some,any,no等的合成代词,如anybody,something,no one。这些
21、不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但none和由some,any,no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语;every和no只能作定语。如: Do you have a car?你有一辆小汽车吗? Yes,I have one.是的,我有一辆。 I dont know any of them.他们,我一个也不认识。 代词的用法 1. nothing, none, no one none作为代词,最常用来表示数量,它可以是一个可数的概念(how many)也可以是一个不可数的概念(how much),或者any引起的问题;而nothing是相对于someth
22、ing(有某物)什么都没有,它回答的是“What is in/on.”的问题;而no one=nobody没有人,它回答的是“Who did that?” (谁) 或是anyone(有没有人)的问题。 2. one, ones, that, those, it (1)one和ones可以用来代替前面提到过的可数名词,one代单数,ones代复数,其中: 两者都可以指代物(只要是可数) one前面一般不加a,因为它本身有“一个”的意思,但如果one前面有形容词修饰,则需要加a/an。 one可以单独使用,意思为“任何人”。例如: Shall we have a rest? Didnt we ju
23、st have one?(因为one=a something) I happened to see a book about George W. Bush, a nice one indeed. One should always believe in oneself. (2)that与those: that可以代替前面提到的不可数名词或可数名词单数(相当于the one;而those 代替前面提到的复数名词,有时可以用the ones替换。例如: The population of China is bigger than that of India. (that=the populatio
24、n) The boy told his story and that of the girl next room.(that=the story) The cell phones we made nowadays are better than those/the ones made 2 years ago.(those=the cell phones=the ones) (3)one和it: 两者都可以用来代替前面出现过的单数名词,one指这类东西中的任何一个,指类属,泛指。it指前面所指的同一物。 例如 : I need a pen to sign my name. Can I have
25、one? (one =a pen) I cannot find my new pen. Have you seen it?(it指那支新钢笔 ) 3. another, the other, other, others, the others (1)another和the other: 两者都是“另一个”的意思,但数量上有区别:用 another指两个以上的数量,而the other只指两个中的另一个,例如: He has three brothers, one is a teacher, another is a doctor and the third is an engineer.(当然
26、如果还有第四个,五个就是the fourth, the fifth) He has a book in one hand and a pen in the other. 注:another除了可以作代词,还可以用作形容词。这里有必要区别another, the other和more的用法: another: another表“另一个”时只跟可数名词单数,而表“另外的、额外的、附加的”时,可跟带有few或具体数字的复数名词,此时可把“数词复数名词”看作是一个整体。例如: Have you finished your report yet? No,I will finish it in anoth
27、er 10 minutes. There is room for another few people in the back of the bus. other: 表“另外的”接复数名词,如与具体数词连用,则置于数词之后,但与定冠词the连用时,other要放在数词前。例如: Tony is going camping with two other little boys next Sunday. Do you know where he found the other two photos? more: more一般位于数词之后,名词之前,有时也可置于名词之后。例如: One more s
28、tep(One step more),and Ill shoot you. Where shall we be in ten more years? more除跟数词外,还可与many, a little,a few,a lot,several等词连用,例如: There are many more dictionaries on the desk. Would you like some more tea? (2) others, the others others是相对于some来说的:some.some.others. (一些一些另一些)是泛指;而the others是特指另一些,相对于
29、ones (可以理解为one, the other的复数)。例如:Class 1 are cleaning the classroom. Some are sweeping the floor, some are cleaning the window, and others are washing the blackboard. (泛指) There are only 20 students in the classroom, where are the others.(特指) 4. both, other, neither, each, any, all both:两者都,谓语动词用复数;
30、 either:两者中间的任何一个,谓语动词用单数; neither:两者中间无任何一个,谓语动词多用单数,也可以用复数; each:两个或两个以上中的每一个,谓语动词用单数; any:三者或三者以上中的任何一个,谓语动词用单数; all:三者或三者以上全部; 5. some, any, no some属于肯定词,主要用于肯定句中,但当说话人期待肯定回答时,也可以用于疑问句中。例如: Could I have some more tea, please? Would you like some more coffee? any属于非肯定词,主要用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中。它可以与形容词的比较级连用。例如: Dont come any closer, or Ill shoot! no属于否定词,用于否定句中: no+可数名词单数=not a/an no+可数名词复数=not any。例如: There is no such thing as a free lunch in the world. (注意thing前面没有冠词a)【考点诠释】纵观历年高考试题,代词的主要考点主要集中在以下几个方面:不定代词one,the on
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