《跨文化交际》名词解释知识分享.docx

1、跨文化交际名词解释知识分享跨文化交际解释名词In troductio n1.Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in intern ati onal bus in ess operati ons.经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。2.Macroculture :The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and formi ng one large society.宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。

2、3.Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgro unds and n atio nlities.熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。4.Microcultures: cultures with in cultures微观文化：文化中的文化5.In tercultural com muni cati on refers to com muni cati on betwee n people whoseculture percepti ons and symbol syste

3、ms are disti net eno ugh to alter thecom muni cati on eve nt.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。Chapter 16.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and no rms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生

4、影响。7.Culture ide ntity refers to on6s sense of bel onging to a particular culture or eth nic group.文化身份：指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。8.Subculture are formed by groups of people possess ing characteristic traits that set apart and dist in guish them from others with in a larger society or dominant culture.亚

5、文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成的文化。9.Subgroup are groups with the dominant culture does not agree and with which it has com muni cati on problems.亚群体:与主流文化不一致，并与主流文化有交际障碍的交际群体。10.Rules may refers to socially agreed-on behavior or to in dividual guideli nes for behavior.规则:社会认同的行为或行为的个体原则。

6、11.Norms are culturally ingrained prin ciples of correct and in correct behaviors which, if broke n carry a form of overt or covert pen alty.规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则，这种不正确的行为一 旦发生，就意味着一种显性或隐性的处罚。Chapter 212.Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society.社会文化适应：人们学习适

7、应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程。13.Acculturati on refers to an in dividuals lear ning and adopt ing the norms and values of the new host culture.文化适应：人们学习适应新文化的社会规范和价值观的过程。14.分隔和隔离 separation and segregation refer to maintaining ones original culture and not participating in the new culture.在文化适应过程中保留了原有文化，完全没有接受和

8、习得新文化。15.融合 Integration takes place when individuals become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integrity integration ensures a con ti nu ity of culture.在文化适应中人们成为新文化的一部分，同时又保留了自己文化的完整性。16.同化 Assimilatio n is the degree to which an in dividual reli nq uishes an orig

9、inal culture for another .when individuals are assimilated into a mainstream culture,they lose their previous culture.人们放弃原有文化，接受新文化的程度一旦被主流文化同化，人们就失去 了原有的文化17.边缘化 Marginalization or deculturation , refers to losing onWs culturalide ntity and not hav ing any psychological con tact with the larger so

10、ciety人 们不 仅失去自己原有的文化身份，而且与广大社会失去了心理联系。18.文化震荡 Culture shock refers to the traumatic experie nce that an in dividual may encoun ter whe n en teri ng a differe nt culture人 们在进入一种新文化环境 时，遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历。Chapter 319.信息源 source is the pers on with an idea he orshe desires to com muni cate.是具有交际需要和愿望的具体的人。20.

11、编码 encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.是指将思想转换成代码的行为过程。21.信息 messageis the resulting object.是交流的内容，编码的结果。22.渠道channel是信息传递的手段。23.干扰noise指任何会曲解信息源所要表达的信息的事情。24.解码decoing信息接收者在积极参与交流的过程中对所接收到的符号信息赋 予意义的过程。25.反馈feedback指信息接收者的反应被信息源所了解的那一部分反应。26.情境con text交际发生的环境并且有助于解释交际内容的含义。Chap

12、ter 427.人际交际 in terpers onal com muni cati on : a small nu mber of in dividuals who are in teract ing exclusively with one ano ther and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obta in immediate in terpretaio ns from the m指少数人之间的交往他们既能根据对方调整自己的 信息，又

13、能立即从对方那里获得解释。28.内文化交际 in tracultural com muni cati on is defi ned as com muni cati onbetwee n and among members of the same cultur指同一文化内某成员之间的 交际，总的来说，同一种族，政治倾向宗教，或者具有同样兴趣的人们之 间的交际。29.国家间交际in ternation commu ni catio n指国家和政府而非个人之间的交际，此种交际非常正式和仪式化。30.跨民族交际 in terth nic com muni catio n : refers to co

14、m muni cati on betwee n people of the same race ,but differe nt eth nic backgro unds指同一种族，不同民 族背景的人们之间的交际。31.跨种族交际 in terracial com muni cati on: occurs whe n the sen der and the receiver excha nging messages are from differe nt races that perta in to differe nt physical characteristics指信息源和信息来自不同的种

15、族，种族具有不同的身体特征。32.跨地区交际 in terregi onal com muni cati on :refers to the excha nge of messages betwee n members of the dominant culture within a country旨一个国家内主流 文化成员之间的信息交换过程。Chapter 533.世界观 worldview :is the belief that we hold explaining the cosmos God,the n ature of huma nitya nd nature指我们持有的对宇宙，神，

16、人本质及自然的最 根本的看法。34.宗教 religio n refers to belief in and revere nee for a super natural power or powers regarded as creator and gover nor of the uni vers对超自然力量宇宙创造者和控 制者权力的相信与崇敬。35.个人主义individualism :个人利益胜于集体利益， 集体主义collectivism :个人融入集体。36.对不确定因素的回避态度： uncertainty avoidanee deals with a societystolera

17、 nee for un certa inty and ambiguity ;it ultimately refers to mans search for truth.是关于一个社会对不确定性和模棱两可的容忍程度。37.权利距离power distanee :组织或机构里边，没有权力的成员对于权力不均 等分配接受和期望的程度。Chapter 638.感觉 sensation： is the neurological process by which people become aware of their en viro nmnent人们意识到周围环境的神经过程。39.低语境low con t

18、ext :交际过程中所产生的信息量的大部分由显性的语码负 载，只有少量的信息蕴含在隐性的环境和情景中。40.高语境high versus:在人们交际时，有较多的信息量蕴含在社会文化环境 和情景中，明显的语码负载较少的信息量。Chapter 741.焦虑 Anxiety occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, andfocus ing on that feeli ng and not be totally prese nt in the com muni cati ontran sactio n在新环境下人们不知如何应对

19、，过多关注自己的情绪，不能全身 心投入到交际中。42.假定一致性:(1) To assume people know how some one else is thi nking based on how they see things is called projected cognitive similarity.从自己看待事物的角度来判断别人的想法。(2)Assu ming similarity in stead of differe nee refers to the assumpti on that people are more similar to you than they a

20、ctually are or that another persons situation is more similar to you own situation than it in fact is.43.定势 stereotypes： refers to negative or positive judgment made aboutin dividuals based on any observable or believed group membership. 对目标群体成员所特有的正面或方面的判断。44.偏见 Prejudice refers to the irrational d

21、islike,suspicion,or hatred of aparticular group,race,religion,or sexual orientation.偏见是指对于某一特定群体，种类，宗教或性取向的无端的憎恶和怀疑。45.种族主义是基于种族 Racism isany policy,practice,belief,or attitude thatattributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their rac把性格特点或地位归因于个人的任意政策、做法、信仰或态度。46.语言绝对论：Linguistic d

22、eterminist is that Ianguage structure controls thoughtand cultural n orms语言结构控制思维和文化。47.语言相对论:Li nguistic relativity holds that culture is con trolled by andcon trols Ian guage文化由语言来决定，同时也决定语言。Chapter 848.言语交际 Verbal in tercultural com muni cati ons happe ns whe n people fromdiffere nt cultural back

23、gro unds com muni cate with each other by using Ian guage. 当来自不同文化背景的人们用语言进行交流时 言语交际就发生了。49.禁忌语:Taboo refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particulargroup of people, or in certain for religious or social reasons在特定文化中出于宗教或社会原因被一特定群体所避免使用的一些词语或行为。50.委婉语：Euphemism means the act of sub

24、stituting a mild,indirect,or vague term for one con sidered harsh,bl un t,or offen sive指 用温和的，间接的方式来代替严 厉的，生硬的或冒犯的言语。Chapter 1051.非言语信号：（狭义）no verbal com muni cate refers to in terti onal use ofnon spoke n symbol to com muni cate a specific messages 用非言语符号传达特 定信息的交际行为。（广义） refers to eleme nts of the

25、 en vir onment thatcom muni cate by virtue of people s us人们交际i时运用的环境因素。52.副语言: Paralanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of thevoice,which in terrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the mea ning of a messag是与口语交际有关，指说的速度，音高，和质量，这 些要素会打断或临时取代语言并影响信息的语意表达 .53.时间行为：

26、 Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use tim是指 研究人们如何看待和使用时间。54.时空行为：proxemics refers to the perception and use of space including territoriality and perso nal space指对空间的认知和使用时空进行沟通，包括 地盘性和个人空间。55.目光语：The study of com muni cati ons sent by the eyes is termed oculesic研究目光传递的交流信息。56.气味行

27、为 Olfactics : The study of com muni cati on via smell is called Olfactics 对通过味道进行交流的研究。57.触觉行为 Haptics:refers to com muni cat ing through the use of bodily con text 通 过身体接触来进行交流。58.身势语行为 Kin esics： is the term used for com muni cati ng through varioustypes of body moveme nts in clud ing facial expre

28、ssi on s,gestures,posture and sta nee ,and other mann erisms that may accompa ny or replace oral messages.指交际时所使用的不同类型的动作，包括表情，手势，姿势，和其他代替语言传达信息的行为举止。59.色彩学 Chromatics:r efers to the study of color use in affecting people smood,emoti on s,a nd impressi on of other指影响你的情绪，情感和对他人的印象的颜色的研究。Chapter 1160

29、.礼节 Etiquette:refers to manners and behaviors considered acceptable in socialand bus in ess situation在社会或商务往来中被认为可接受的行为举止。Chapter 1261.良好的交际 Compete nt com muni cati on : as in teract ion that is perceived aseffective in fulfilli ngeerta in rewardi ng objectives in a way that is also appropriateto t

30、he con text in which the in teracti on occurs指的是以一种适合交际发生场景的方式来完成一定的有回报的目标的有效交际。62.跨文化能力 intercultural competence :refers to the ability to understand andadapt to the target culture;i n ano ther word,it refers to the sen sitivity to cultural diversity,i.e,the ablity to behave in an appropriate way a

31、nd to regulat one s com muni cati on and in teracti on accordi ng to the con tex指 理解和适应目标文化的能力，指对文化多样性的敏感性，也就是根据具体的交际环境选择恰当的得体行为调整交际与交往的能力。63.跨文化交际能力包括 :invoIves cognition affect and behavior ,which arein separable in realit y认知能力，情感能力，行为能力，事实上他们是密不可分的。64.认知 Cogn iti on :The cog nitive aspects of in

32、 tercultural com muni cati oncompete nee are the men tal capacities of comprehe nsion and ability to un dersta nd the meaning of various verbal and non verbal code 指的是思维的理解力和理解 各种言语和非言语交际的能力。65.情感 Feelings:refers to the emotional or affective states that you experienee whe n com muni cati ng with some one from a differe nt culture当 你和来自其他文 化的人进行交际的时候，你所经历的情感状态66.目的 Intentions: are what gui