高考英语阅读理解试题失误原因剖析.docx

1、高考英语阅读理解试题失误原因剖析高考英语阅读理解试题失误原因剖析阅读理解题是高考英语的测试重点，也是高考英语试题中卷面分值最高的一种题型，它主要考查通过阅读获取信息、分析信息和处理信息的能力。英语阅读理解题是对英语知识运用的综合考查，占全卷篇幅最大、容最多、计分最高、区分度最明显的一种题型，同时也是失分最严重的一个题型。阅读理解的语言材料广泛，涉及到我们生活的各个层面，仅仅把握时代的脉搏，与我们联系密切，比如文化，教育，经济，体育，娱乐，广告科学研究与发现等容，从而进一步突出语言的实用性，人文性，时代性和思想性。高考英语阅读理解侧重对考生五种能力的考查：一是对信息的获取和理解能力，要求考生根据

2、文章容对信息进行比较辨别和理解；二是对信息的推断能力，要求考生根据文章中已给信息推断隐含信息；三是归纳判断能力，要求考生对文章给出的多个信息进行综合和归纳，得出正确结论；四是主旨归纳能力，要求考生根据文章容，归纳出文章中心，给出正确标题；五是词义猜测能力，要求考生根据单词所在语言环境推测出单词的词义。阅读理解的语言材料广泛，涉及到我们生活的各个层面，仅仅把握时代的脉搏，与我们联系密切，比如文化，教育，经济，体育，娱乐，广告科学研究与发现等容，从而进一步突出语言的实用性，人文性，时代性和思想性。考生具备如下能力：(1)理解主旨和要义；(2)理解文中具体信息；(3)根据上下文推断生词词义；（4）做

3、出判断和处理；（5）理解文章的基本结构；（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。不同的阅读理解题有不同的设题方式，下面我们来看一下它们的具体出题模式吧！事实细节题常见的设题方式： Which of the following is true? Choose the right order of the events given in the passage. Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of .? Which of the following maps shows the right way to get to

4、 .?词义猜测题常用提问方式：According to the passageprobably means _.The author uses the wordto mean_.What does the underlined wordrefer to?The word (phrase, clause, ) refers to (most probable means) _.What does the wordin Parastand for?What does the writer mean when he says “”？Which of the following best explai

5、ns the meaning of the wordas it is used in the text?Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word?主旨要义题题目的设题方式：The main idea/key point of this passage is that _.The passage is mainly about _.The best title for this passage is _.Which of the following best states the theme of the passa

6、ge?篇章结构题常用设题方式：How is the passage organized?Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?The author develops the passage mainly by.推理判断题常用的设题方式：It can be inferred/concluded/seen from the passage that _. The passage implies, but doesnt directly state that _.Which of the following co

7、nclusions can we draw according to the passage?那么常见的失分类型都有什么呢？一、无中生有。选项中出现了文中没有提及的新的信息，围扩大或缩小，把原文围扩大了依然是错误的，将原文的特指（只适用于个体）变为泛指（适用于群体）；将原文的几个条件省略为一个条件。命题专家在设计干扰项时还会把文中提到的一种现象或容扩大围，把原先未包括的东西包括进去，原先未达到一定程度却被说成达到了这种程度，因为这些干扰项的容也来自文章，文中有所涉及，这类干扰项也给考生做出正确选择增加了难度。二、冠戴。也可称为偷换概念，即把原文中的一个概念变成一个新的概念，该类选项诱惑性并不是

8、很强，考生只要仔细返回原文定位，肯定能够排除干扰。当选项中出现一个单词，经常是一词多义的时候，考生应警惕选项中的意思很有可能和原文的意思是不相同的。当选项中出现一个单词和原文中一个单词非常相似，或者就是一个词，只要词性发生变化，一般都是错误答案。三、以偏概全。阅读过程中，我们可能会发现文章中提到几点，在一个备选项中却只出现其中一种或两种情况，这种干扰项的特点是以偏概全，以部分代替整体。这样的干扰项通常在细节题中较多见。四、表里不一。干扰项的容常涉及原文中提及的一些容或现象，但选项的意思可能与原文恰恰相反。命题者设计这样的干扰项主要是利用文章信息量大的特点，考生可能不一定有时间一一找到选项在原文

9、的出处。有些干扰项似乎与原文的意思很符合，但只是按照字面意思进行解释，并不能体现文章中作者想表达的意思。这样的干扰项常常混淆视听，造成理解错误和选择错误。特别对于推理题来说，当题目中出现imply，demonstrated，indicate，mean等词时，按字面意思解释的选项一定不是正确选项。 讲透一题【典例1】 (2011卷)AIts 5:00 in the morning when the alarm (闹钟) rings in my ears. I roll out of bed and walk blindly through the dark into the bathroom.

10、I turn on the light and put on my glasses. The house is still as I walk downstairs while my husband and three kids sleep peacefully. Usually I go for a long run, but today I choose my favorite exercise DVD insanity. Sweat pours down my face and into my eyes. My heart races as I face my body to finis

11、h each movement. As I near the end of the exercise, I feel extremely tired, but a smile is of my face. 41Its a smile because the DVD is over, but a smile of success from pushing my body to its extreme limit.Some people enjoy shopping, smoking, food, work, or even chocolate. But I need exercise to ge

12、t through each day. 42Some shake heads when they see me run through the town. Others get hurt when I refuse to try just one bite of their grandmothers chocolate cake. 42They raise their eyebrows, surprised by my “no thank you,” or by my choice to have a salad. Over the years, I have learned its okay

13、 to just say “no.” I shouldnt feel sorry for refusing food that I dont want to eat.43So what drives me to roll out of bed at 5:00 a.m.? What gives me the reason to just say to ice cream? Commitment. A commitment to change my life with a way that reduces daily anxiety, increases selfconfidence and en

14、ergy, extends life and 44above all improves my body shape. This is the point where a smile appears on my face as I look at myself in the mirror or try on my favorite pair of jeans that now fit just right. Its through commitment and sweat that I can make a difference within myself inside and out.41.

15、Why is there a smile on the authors face in the morning?A. Because she sees her family sleeping peacefully.B. Because she finishes her favorite exercise C. Because she enjoys the interesting DVDD. Because she feels a sense of achievement42. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 2？A.

16、She doesnt like others politelyB. She likes to make others surprised C. Others dont understand what she does.D. Others try to help her by offering her food43. What does the underlined word “Commitment” in the last paragraph mean?A. Good healthB. Firm belief C. A strong powerD. A regular half44. What

17、 can we learn about the author from the text?A. She acts in a strange wayB. She wants to look different from othersC. She aims to develop a good body shapeD. She has difficult getting along with others【答案解析】 41. D。细节理解题。本题易误选A，犯表里不一的错误，因为题目问的是为什么，该项只是客观描述当时的情境，而不是真正的原因。根据第一段最后一句话“Its a smile because

18、 the DVD is over, but a smile of success from pushing my body to its extreme limit.”可知作者脸上的微笑不是因为DVD的结束，而是因为一种成功的微笑，因为自己锻炼挑战了身体的极限而获得的成就感。42. C。推理判断题。本题易误选D，犯冠戴的错误，因为文章中作者拒绝别人提供的食物并不是帮助作者，而是表达善意。从文章第二段中的Some shake heads when they see me run through the town. 和Others get hurt when I refuse to try jus

19、t one bite of their grandmothers chocolate cake. 以及They raise their eyebrows, surprised by my “no thank you,” or by my choice to have a salad.中的容可知别人看到我跑步穿过城镇摇头；当我拒绝别人给我的可口食物时我拒绝接受，他们感到惊讶所描述的情景可以看出他们对于作者种种做法的不理解，我这样做是为了保持体形，愉悦身心。43. B。词义猜测题。本题易误选C，犯无中生有的错误，因为下文中出现了A commitment to change my life以为是坚强

20、的意志力。根据Commitment所在的前后文来看，作者之所以能在每天早上5:00就起床锻炼，能够抵制住冰淇淋的诱惑，其根本原因在于其坚定的信念和意志力。而从A commitment to change my life with a way that reduces daily anxiety, increases selfconfidence and energy, extends life and above all improves my body shape. 一句中我们也可以看出这是一种试图通过一种方式来改变生活的坚定信念。44. C。细节理解题。本题易误选A，犯以偏概全的错误，因为

21、全文都表现出作者与众不同的行为。根据最后一段中的“above all improves my body shape.” 可知作者加强锻炼，克制饮食的主要目的是为了保持一个好的体型，由此即可确定答案。作者行文并非古怪，而是他人不理解，故排除A项；文中并未强调作者要让自己显得与众不同，故排除B项；作者在于人交往方面并无障碍，故排除D项。【小小窍门】 极速体验(2011)D“Experience may possibly be the best teacher, but it is not a particularly good teacher.” You might think that Wins

22、ton Churchill or perhaps Mark Twain spoke those words, but they actually come from James March, a predecessor at Stanford University and a pioneer in the field of organization decision making. 53For years March (possibly be wisest philosopher of management) has studied how humans think and act, and

23、he continues to do so in his new book The Ambiguities of Experience.He begins by reminding us of just how firmly we have been sticking to the idea of experiential learning: “Experience is respected；experience is sought；experience is explained.” The problem is that learning from experience involves （

24、涉及）serious complications（复杂化），ones that are part of the nature of experience itself and which March discusses in the body of this book.In one interesting part of book，for example，he turns a double eye toward the use of stories as the most effective way of experiential learning. 55In our efforts to m

25、ake stories interesting, he argues, we lose part of the complicated truth of things. He says “The more accurately （精确的）reality is presented，the less understandable the story，and the more understandable the story, the less realistic it is.”Besides being a broadly knowledgeable researcher，March is als

26、o a poet, and his gift shines though in the depth of views he offers and the simple language he uses. Though the book is short, it is demanding：54Dont pick it up looking for quick, easy lessons. Rather, be ready to think deeply about learning from experience in work and life.53. According to the tex

27、t, James March is .A. a poet who uses experience in his writingB. a teacher who teachers story writing in universityC. a researcher who studies the way humans think and actD. a professor who helps organizations make important decisions54. According to James March, experience .A. is overvalued B. is

28、easy to explainC. should be actively soughtD. should be highly respected55. What can we learn from Paragraph 3?A. Experience makes stories more accurate.B. Stories made interesting fail to fully present the truth.C. The use of stories is the best way of experiential learning.D. Stories are easier to

29、 understand when reality is more accurately described.56. Whats the purpose of this text?A. To introduce a book. B. To describe a researcher.C. To explain experiential learning. D. To discuss organizational decision making.我们已经学习了“阅读失误原因剖析的文章”，你是否能运用自如呢？请你按前面学习的先读问题浏览全文准确定位的方法，另外我们还了解了做题中常犯的错误类型，那么我

30、们就利用所学的知识来完成下面的填空式练习，检验一下你的学习成果吧。53. C。细节理解题。根据第一段中“For years Marchhas studied how humans think and act”可知James March是一位一直在从事人类思想和行动方法研究的科学家。54. A。推理判断题。根据文章最后一句话“Dont pick it up looking for quick, easy lessons. Rather, be ready to think deeply about learning from experience in work and life.”结合全文不难

31、看出以往人们对经验估价的过高。55. B。细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“In our efforts to make stories interesting, he argues, we lose part of the complicated truth of things.”可知我们在努力增加故事的趣味性的时候，丢掉了它的真实性。56. A。主旨大意题。整篇文章主要介绍了James March的一本叫做前车可鉴的书。【体验1】先读问题，以做到心中有数。要求：第53题是例，请据此写出第54-56题的问题。53. （考查细节理解能力）James March是什么样的人54. （考查推理判断能力）_55. （考查细节理解能力）_56. （考查归纳概括主旨大意的能力）_【体验2】浏览全文，捕捉关键信息。要求：要学会从每段中捕捉一些有助于解题的关键信息。第一段是所给的例。请写出第二段到第四段的关键信息。第一段：For years March (possibly be wisest philosop