美国文学期末复习资料完美版.docx

1、美国文学期末复习资料完美版（美国文学期末复习资料(完美版)Imagism （意向主义） (1)Imagism came into being in Britain and US around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation. （2）The Imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to express

2、these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image.(3) Imagism is characterized by the following three poetic principles: i) direct treatment of subject matter; ii) economy of expression; iii) as regards rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence

3、of metronome; iv) Ezra Pounds In a Station of the Metro is a well-known imagist poem.Ezra Pound (爱兹拉庞德）Cathay (1915)中国a volume of Chinese translation.He blue-penciled The Waste Land荒原 the most significant American poem of the twentieth century.Cantos 诗章，a modern epic Pounds major work of poetry。Hugh

4、 Selwyn Mauberley 休塞尔温莫伯利In a Station of the Metro在地铁站The apparition of these faces in the crowd; 这几张脸在人群中幻景般闪现；Petals on a wet, black bough. 湿漉漉的黑树枝上花瓣数点。Appreciation and comment:In “In a Station of the Metro” Pound attempts to produce the emotion he felt when he walked down into a Paris subway sta

5、tion and suddenly saw a number of faces in the dim light. To capture the emotion, Pound uses the image of petals on a wet, black bough. The image of “petals” is juxtaposed with another image of “wet, black bough.” The image is not decoration: It is central to the poems meaning. In fact, it is the po

6、ems meaning. Ezra Pounds main contribution to American literatureEzra pound is regarded, and rightly, as the father of modern American poetry. Impatient with the fetters of English traditional poetics, he led the experiment in revolutionizing poetry. It was he who first discovered T.S. Eliot and blu

7、e-penciled the latters famous poem, The Waste Land. It was he who helped William Butler Yeats, James Joyce, D.H. Lawrence, and William carols Williams in their literary careers. And he survived them all, writing continually right up to his death. Pounds contribution to the development of modern poet

8、ry is very great. T.S. Eliot （T.S.艾略特）The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock杰阿尔弗雷德普鲁弗洛克的情歌started 1915is seen as a masterpiece of the Modernist movement, Literary terms: soliloquy (独白）interior monologue (内心独白）dramatic monologue （戏剧独白） motif （主旨，主题）epigraph （题词）Soliloquy or interior monologue（独白或内心独白）:

9、in drama, an extended speech delivered by a character alone on stage. The character reveals his or her innermost thoughts and feelings directly to the audience, as if thinking aloud.Dramatic monologue（戏剧独白）: A kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replie

10、s are not given in the poem.Epigraph（主旨）: a quotation or motto at the beginning of a chapter, book, short story, or poem that makes some point about the work.Motif（题词）: A recurring feature (such as a name, an image, or a phrase) in a work of literature. A motif generally contributes in some way to t

11、he theme of a short story, novel, poem, or play.2）The Waste Land 荒原 In 1922, Eliot published The Waste Land 荒原in The Criterion标准. Which was thought as the most significant American poem of the 20th century and helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thoug

12、ht. The poem is subdivided into five sections: I. The Brurial of the Dead II. A Game of ChessIII. The Fire Sermon IV. Death by waterV. What the Thunder Said3) The Hollow Men 空心人(1925)4) Ash Wednesda y圣灰星期三 (1927)5)Four Quartets 四个四重奏（1943）: Eliot regarded Four Quartets as his masterpiece, and it is

13、the work that led to his being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature (1948). Eliot also made significant contributions to the field of literary criticism, strongly influencing the school of New CriticismIn 1920 T.S. Eliot published his The Sacred Wood,圣林 containing his famous critical essay Traditio

14、n and the Individual Talent,传统与个人才能 Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening雪夜林边小驻The Road Not Taken 未选择的路（诗歌及赏析见第9页）Wallace Stevens（华莱士 史蒂文斯）(18791955) was anAmericanModernistpoetHe won thePulitzer Prize for Poetryfor hisCollected Poemsin 1955. William Carlos Williamswas an American poet closely associ

15、ated withmodernismandimagism. He was also a pediatrician andgeneral practitionerof medicine with amedical degree from theUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineRobert Lee Frost （罗伯特 弗罗斯特）His work frequently employed settings from rural life in New England in the early twentieth centuryFrost wa

16、s honored frequently during his lifetime, receiving four Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry Francis Scott Fitzgerald （F.S菲茨杰拉德）The spokesman of the “roaring 20s” “the Jazz Age” 美国梦的实践者“爵士乐时代的桂冠诗人”和“喧嚣的二十年代的代言人”In 1920 Fitzgeralds first novel This Side of Paradise 人间天堂 （1920）second novel entitled The Beautif

17、ul and Damned 美丽的和可诅咒的（1922）his best novel The Great Gatsby 了不起的盖茨比（1925）the novel Tender is the Night夜色温柔 (1934). The Last Tycoon最后的大亨, a novel about Hollywood and the film industry. Fitzgeralds books of short stories include Flappers and Philosophers时髦女和哲学家 (1921), Tales of the Jazz Age爵士时代的故事 (19

18、22), All the Sad Young Man 一代悲哀的年轻人(1926)Ernest Hemingway（厄内斯特 海明威）His economical andunderstatedstyle had a strong influence on20th-century fiction, won theNobel Prize in Literaturein 1954. He was generally regarded as spokesman for the Lost Generation. The Lost Generation （迷惘的一代）1.The Lost Generati

19、on is a term first used by Gertrude Stein to describe the post-World War I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.2. Full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank exce

20、ssively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.3.The three best-known representatives of Lost Generation are F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway and John Dos Passos. his first novel, The Torrents of Spring春湖, but The Sun Also Rises 太阳照常升起(1926) about the disil

21、lusionment of the lost generation was an immediate success. With the success of A Farewell to Arms (1929)永别了武器, he firmly established his reputation as a great American writer. The Sun Also Rises太阳照常升起 Hemingway employed an epigraph（题词） in the novel which had been said by Gertrude Stein to describe

22、the expatriates in Paris “You are a lost generation.” The novel paints the image of the lost generation.A Farewell to Arms永别了武器 It is an anti-war novel, describing the love between an American soldier Frederic Henry （弗瑞德里克 亨利）and an English nurse Catherine.（凯瑟琳）For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣It tells

23、of a volunteer American guerrilla in the Spanish Civil War.The Old Man and the Sea. 老人与海It tells of a Cuban fisherman, Santiago（桑提亚哥）, who catches a big fish, only to see it devoured by sharks. The novel highlights the theme that man can be destroyed but not defeated. （你尽可以把他消灭，但就是打不败他）It is a repre

24、sentation of life as a struggle against unconquerable forces in which only a partial victory is possible. This book led to Hemingways receipt of the Novel Prize in 1954.1)Hemingway was famous for his novels and short stories written his spare, laconic, terse, clear, telegraph-like, yet intense prose

25、 with short sentences and very specific details. This style is his famous “Iceberg Theory”:（冰山理论）Iceberg Theory（冰山理论）: Think of an iceberg: one eighth of an iceberg is above the water. All of the rest is underneath the water. The same is true with Hemingways writing. His sentences only give one smal

26、l bit of the meaning. The rest is implied. One must go very deep beneath the surface to understand the full meaning of his writing. Hemingways vocabulary is easy and his sentence patterns are easy, but they are extremely difficult to be fully understood. Hemingway terms courage as “grace under press

27、ure” these heroes are called Hemingway heroes or the code hero:（硬汉）Hemingway heroes refer to some protagonists in Hemingways works. Such a hero usually an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent. And usually he is a man of action and of few words. His such an individuali

28、st, alone even when with other people, somewhat an outsider, keeping emotions under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place where one can not get happiness. For example, Frederic Henry in A Farewell to Arms, Jake Barnes in The Sun Also Rises, Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea or th

29、e undefeated bullfighter. William Faulkner（威廉福克纳）Faulkners first novel Soldiers Pay士兵的报酬 was accepted by the publishers in 1926. Faulkners second novel Mosquitoes (1927)蚊群 is a satirical story about a group of southern artists and intellectuals.The years from 1929 to 1942 were a period of amazing li

30、terary output for Faulkner, such as The Sound and the Fury(1929) 喧嚣与骚动and As I Lay Dying (1930). 我弥留之际He was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1950 Major works 1. The Sound and the Fury 喧嚣与骚动The book is divided into 4 sections, largely reliant on Stream of Consciousness and Multiple Point of

31、 View. This novel is a complex account of the breakdown of the once distinguished and honored Compson family. The book is divided into 4 sections, largely reliant on Stream of Consciousness and Multiple Point of View. Section 1 is narrated by Benjy, the youngest member and an “idiot.” like his broth

32、ers Quentin and Jason, he is chiefly preoccupied with his sister Caddy. For Benjy, her disappearance amounts to the loss of the center of his universe. Section 2 is told by Quentin, a Harvard freshman. He commits suicide. In Section 3, Jason, the eldest son, reveals his bitterness and anger at the opportunities he has lost because of the irresponsibility and selfishness which he feels predominate in the family. Section 4