版高考英语一轮复习第二部分重点语法突破专题一有提示词填空第三讲名词和主谓一致讲义新人教版.docx

1、版高考英语一轮复习第二部分重点语法突破专题一有提示词填空第三讲名词和主谓一致讲义新人教版第三讲名词和主谓一致Part 真题变式体验12017全国卷They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the _(attack)答案：attackers根据提示词前面的the可知，此处应填名词，同时结合前面的natural enemies可知，应使用复数形式。attack的名词形式是attacker。故填attackers。22017天津高考My eldest son, who

2、se work_(take) him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.答案：takes定语从句的主语whose work是单数概念，因此根据主谓一致，谓语动词也用单数形式takes。句意：我长子现在在纽约，他的工作让他全世界到处跑。32017全国卷 Moran says one of the problems with jazz today _(be) that the entertainment aspect of the music_ (lose)答案：is; has been lost结合第一个空格前面的“one of t

3、he problems with jazz today”可知，主语是“之一”，且本句描述爵士乐面临的现状，谓语动词使用is。第二个空格的主语是the entertainment aspect of the music也属于单数概念，同时指音乐的娱乐性方面已经被失去，因此使用has been lost。 42017江苏高考Many Chinese brands, having developed their reputations over centuries,_(face) new challenges from the modern market.答案：are facing分析句子结构可知，

4、having developed . centuries作状语，本句的主语是复数概念的many Chinese brands，因此设空处应为句子的谓语，结合句意，“正在面临着”，故填are facing。52014湖南高考All we need _ (be) a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.答案：is根据题干可知，all指代的是a small piece of land，所以谓语动词要用单数。整句话的语

5、境为一般现在时，故填is。62015江苏高考Go and say sorry to your Mom, Dave.Id like to, but Im afraid she wont be happy with my _ (apologize)答案：apologies由提示词前的介词with和形容词性物主代词my可知，此处应填apologize的名词形式。apology为“致歉”含义时，通常用复数形式。72016浙江高考It is important to pay your _ (electric) bill on time, as late payments may affect your

6、credit.答案：electricity根据your及bill可知，此处应填electric的名词形式electricity，表示所修饰名词的目的和用途。82015湖南高考It is important to remember that success_ (be) a sum of small efforts made each day and often_ (take) years to achieve.答案：is; takes由整句话语境可判断此处用一般现在时。that引导的宾语从句的主语success，意为“成功”，为不可数名词，两空是并列谓语，故都用单数。92015福建高考China

7、 Daily attracts a worldwide readership, which _ (show) that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.答案：shows由整句话语境可判断此处用一般现在时。空格所在句子为which引导的非限制性定语从句，which指代整个主句的内容，谓语动词要用单数形式，故填shows。102015湖北高考He gave himself a new name to hide his _ (identify) when he went to carry out th

8、e secret task.答案：identity句意：当他去执行这项秘密任务时，他给自己取了个新名字以掩盖他的身份。由句意可知，空格处应用名词identity表示“身份”。Part 语篇真题演练阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。2017全国卷There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt. This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界) _61

9、_ a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side _62_ (effect) such as overweight and heart diseasethe very thing the medical community was trying to fight.Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required _63_ (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury

10、 and for several other bodily functions. When fat and salt _64_ (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something. As _65_ result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. Even _66_ (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up. Fast food _67_

11、(be) full of fat and salt; by _68_ (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack (吃点心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food.However, be _69_ (care) not to go to extremes. Lik

12、e anything, it is possible to have too much of both, _70_ is not good for the health.61_62._63._64._65_66._67._68._69_70._Step 1：通读全文，掌握主旨大意。本文是一篇说明文。讲述的是饮食低脂、低盐的利弊以及对人体健康的影响。Step 2：逐题解答，确定答案。61as考查介词。此处指作为抵抗心脏病的一种方法，所以用介词as。62effects考查名词的复数。side effect “副作用”，由前面的some和下文中的两个例子overweight and heart di

13、sease可知名词effect用复数形式effects。63to_process考查非谓语动词。require sth. to do sth.“需要某物做某事”，此处用了被动语态结构，所以填动词不定式to process作主语补足语。64are_removed考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据语境可知此处用一般现在时，由于主语fat and salt是复数概念，且与remove是被动关系，所以填一般现在时的被动语态are removed。65a考查固定搭配。as a result “结果”，是固定搭配。66worse考查固定搭配。根据语境可知，此处表示程度的加深，所以用比较级形式。even

14、worse “更糟的是”。67is考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据行文的时态可知，此处用一般现在时；句子的主语fast food(快餐)是不可数名词短语，故填be的第三人称单数形式is。68eating考查非谓语动词。表示方式的介词by之后接动名词作宾语。69.careful考查词性转换。be之后接形容词作表语，care的形容词形式是careful。70which考查定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，空格处所填词引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语，且指代整个主句的内容。故填关系代词which。Step 3：代入验证。需保证语法结构正确且语义符合逻辑，这样才能确保万无一失。知识清单(1)名词常

15、见后缀(第一讲专题)；(2)名词的数；(3)抽象名词具体化；(4)主谓一致的几种常见情况。学情分析考生在名词和主谓一致的学习中存在以下几个问题：(1)名词的数是考生在运用语言时常被忽视的问题，需刻意提高“数”的意识；(2)主谓一致情况较多，造成部分学生在使用时混用，同时也会因为忽视了主语核心词，而造成主谓不一致；(3)语法规则能熟练记忆，但不能准确运用，缺少谓语与主语一致的意识。考点1名词的数1名词的单复数(1)不可数名词不可数名词一般没有复数形式，如果需要表示多少，通常要用“a/an表数量的词of名词”来表示。通常抽象名词与物质名词都是不可数名词。常见的不可数名词有：物质名词：ice, co

16、ffee, soup, grass, cloth (布料), clothing, iron, food, bread等。抽象名词：advice, experience (经验), courage, fun, childhood, knowledge等。(2)名词复数的变化规则变化不规则变化2特殊情况下名词复数的用法有些名词在使用时总是用其复数形式，如：thanks，authorities (当局), possessions (财产), clothes, congratulations, goods (商品), works (作品，著作), shoes, trousers, manners (礼

17、貌)等。有些固定短语要求用名词复数形式：make preparations for 为做准备take pains 尽力，刻苦make (both) ends meet 使收支相抵take turns 轮流be in high spirits 情绪高涨，精神振奋make repairs 修理3名词构词法(见第一讲)典题12018洛阳统考For my studies I had to read books about _ (entertain), public relations, journalism, ethics in media and countless other topics.答案e

18、ntertainment根据空格前的介词about及下文中一系列的名词形式可知，此处也应填名词形式entertainment。典题22017辽宁大连模拟Fabien Cousteaus grandfather and his father were ocean _ (explore) and documentary film makers.答案explorers由and连接并列结构可知，此处填名词，由于主语是两个人，故应填explorers。考点2抽象名词具体化1抽象名词具体化抽象名词是表示某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的词，具体指特定的某一件事或某个人时，这一抽象名词可作为可数名词。(1)

19、difficulty困难；a difficulty一件难事(2)experience经验；an experience一次经历(3)failure失败；a failure一位失败者/一件失败的事(4)knowledge知识；a good knowledge of精通，掌握，对很熟悉(5)success成功；a success一位成功者/一件成功的事(6)surprise惊奇；a surprise一件令人吃惊的事(7)honour荣誉；an honour一位(件)带来荣誉的人(事)另外常见的还有：pleasure, shock, comfort, attraction, beauty, dange

20、r, delight, feeling, preference等。2有些物质名词可个体化为可数名词Would you like some coffee?I would like a coffee and two beers.你想喝点咖啡吗？我想要一杯咖啡和两杯啤酒。典题32017陕西83中模拟She came in for _ coffee and told me _ firecrackers kept her awake last night.答案a; the第一空为物质名词个体化，表示一杯咖啡，故填a；第二空为特指，故填the。典题42018陕西西安一中月考The journey to A

21、ntarctica for scientific researches is really _ danger, for the researchers have to go through a lot of difficulty. 答案a此处是抽象名词具体化，指一件危险的事情，故填a。句意：去南极科考的确是一件危险的行程，因为研究人员要经历很多困难。考点3主谓一致主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上与主语保持一致，一般遵循三个原则，即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。做题时还要保证时态及其他语法及词义的正确性。1语法一致原则(1)主语后跟有with, together with, alon

22、g with, as well as, like, but, except, rather than, including, in addition to等引起的短语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。典题52017山西太原模拟Dr Smith, together with his wife and daughters, _ (be) going to visit Beijing this summer.答案is根据语法一致原则，谓语与Dr Smith保持一致。故填is。(2)由lots of, a lot of, a number of, plenty of等修饰的名词作主语时，谓语动词

23、与所修饰的名词形式保持一致。A great number of students who were invited to the party were from my school.很多被邀请来参加晚会的学生来自于我校。A great deal of water was polluted year by year.每年大量的水被污染。但a quantity/amount of修饰名词时，谓语动词的单复数与其所修饰的名词的数保持一致；quantities/amounts of修饰名词时，谓语动词用复数。Quantities of information are available on the

24、Internet.在网上可得到大量的信息。(3)定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数由先行词的单复数来确定。Those who were praised at the meeting could be sent to America to study further.在这次会议上被表扬的人将被派到美国深造。典题6He wrote many childrens books, nearly half of which _ (publish) in the 1990s.答案were published定语从句中的which指代先行词books，故谓语动词用复数；且主语与publish之间为被动关系；同时结合

25、时间状语可知，应填were published。2就近一致原则(1)由or, either . or ., neither . nor ., not . but ., not only . but also . 等连接的并列主语，谓语动词常与最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。典题7Either Mr Smith or his daughters _.(完成句子)要么是史密斯先生要么是他的女儿们应受责备。答案are to blame(2)由there，here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的单复数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。典题82017北京高考There _ (be) probably deca

26、des in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines.答案areThere be句型中，谓语与最近的主语保持一致，本句的主语是decades，故填are。3意义一致原则(1)由连词and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念，一个人兼具不同身份或为匹配出现的事物(不可分割的整体)，谓语动词用单数。典题9The writer and teacher Smith _ millions of ups and downs since he moved to Sydney.(完成句子)既是作家又是教师的史密斯自从搬到悉尼经历了无数的成

27、败。答案has gone through(2)“no/each/every/many a单数名词andno/each/every/many a单数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。典题102017山东临沂期末After they volunteered in the library, each book and each paper_(be) in proper place. 答案was结合every/each/non.every/each/non.作主语时，谓语动词用单数，故填was。(3)非谓语动词、名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。典题11To go to bed early and to

28、 rise early_.(完成句子)早睡早起是一个好习惯。答案is a good habit(4)含修饰语的名词作主语的特殊情况“many a/more than one单数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。典题122018山东日照模拟More than one foreign country leader _ (come) to China for the international conference in the past three days. 答案has come根据空格前面的more than one单数名词作主语可知，谓语动词用单数形式，同时结合后面的in the past th

29、ree days可知，用现在完成时，故填has come。the rest, the most, the remaining/part等主语，谓语动词单复数应根据其所表达的单复数意义而定。典题132017全国卷Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line_(run) upand outthe side of the hole. 答案runs结合空格前面的主语the rest of the line可知，这种结构中谓语动词的形式取决于the rest

30、后面的名词的意义。本题the line是单数，故填runs。分数、百分数指代或修饰名词时，谓语动词的单复数取决于其后名词所表示的单复数概念。About one third of the books are worth reading.这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。Twothirds of population have been killed in the accident.在这次事故中2/3的人丧生。(作个体看待，谓语用复数)典题142017江苏高考Furthermore, around 50% of the worlds population_(live) in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level and almost all developed nations are exper