专四语法.docx

1、专四语法专四语法一注：所有注有的都表示是重点，需熟练掌握。一、 虚拟语气反事实假设1 if 引导的虚拟if从句主句与现在事实相反动词过去式 (be 动词变为were)would/should/could/might+do与过去事实相反had donewould/should/could/might +have done与将来事实相反(1)should+do; (2)were to+dowould/should/could/might+do考点：(1) 省略if的虚拟倒装；在if引导的虚拟从句中，如含有助动词had, should, were时，可以省略if, 将三个助动词提到主语前形成倒装：H

2、ad+主语+done Had+主语+ not doneShould+主语+do Should+主语+not doWere+主语+to do were+主语+not to do(2) 含蓄虚拟：用介词或介词短语代替if从句引导的虚拟形式。读出意思即可确定答案。如：without, but for；(3) 错综虚拟（混合虚拟）：主从句动作不在一个时间段上发生，解题方法：对号入座主句时态套主句，从句时态套从句。2 其他形式虚拟：（1）wish/wished +主语+过去式 与现在事实相反+would do/could do 与将来事实相反+would have done/could have don

3、e 与过去事实相反Eg: I wish I would set out tomorrow. 时态以从句时态为主。如果从句没有时态标志，看句意。（2）as if, as though同wish（3）if only同wish 2006年52题（4）would rather同wish （但would rather do不同，注意区别）（5）用在表示建议、命令、要求等动词后名词从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）中：Demand, urge, move, suggest, request, order, command, propose, recommend, advise, requir

4、e, desire, insist+ that +主语+(should) do / (should) be done解题方法：1 划出标志词；2选出动词原形。宾语从句：主语+谓语（建议、命令、要求）+that +主语 + (should) do主语从句：It is/was+ adj/Ved+ that+主语+ (should) doDone: proposed, requested, suggested, advisable, recommended, desired, desirable, urgent, imperative, important, vital, essential, ne

5、cessary;表语从句/同位语从句：suggestion, proposal, advice, requirement, request, command, recommendation, desire, motion, demand.表语从句：主语（表示建议、命令、要求）+系动词+表语Eg: My suggestion is that he go with us tomorrow.同位语从句：主语（表建议、命令、要求）+that+谓语+宾语Eg: My suggestion that he go with us is right. （6）It is/was time/high time/a

6、bout time +主语+did 早该做某事了。（7）lest/for fear/in case that + 主语+should do (此处should一般不省略)： 以免，万一。（8）跳层虚拟：真实+ or/otherwise+虚拟 虚拟+ but+真实跳层虚拟常考过去式，跳层虚拟一般用could have done, would have done. Eg: I did not study hard. Or I could have passed the exam. I could have passed the exam but I did not study hard. I wo

7、uld have called you but I did not know your telephone number. 3 情态动词+have done: 对过去事情的推测；Must have done 对过去事情的肯定猜测Eg: It must have rained last night. (mustnt have done )Should/ought to have done 该做而未做（含责备）Eg: You should have come and attended the meeting. Should not/oughtnt to have done 不该做而做了（含责备）E

8、g: You should not have gone to see the movie. Neednt have done 做了不必做的事Could have done 能够做而没做May have done（弱语气）或许，不肯定的猜测Need do, 作情态动词；need to do 作实义动词Need doing=need to be done 专四语法二二、 非谓语To do/not to doDoing/not doingDone考点：固定搭配及固定句型，按单词记；非谓语常考成份：非谓语作状语的区别，和作定语的区别。（一）to do/ not to do1 时态、语态vtvi主动被动

9、主动一般式To doTo be doneTo do完成式To have doneTo have been doneTo have done进行式To be doingTo be doing完成进行式To have been doingTo have been doing注：to do一般式表示动作将要发生或同时发生；不定式完成式表示动作要先于主句谓语动作之前发生。不定式完成式不能做定语。2 常考固定搭配和固定句型（1）V+to do: to do做宾语常跟不定式做宾语的谓语动词有：aim, ask, agree, claim, bother, fail, pretend, tend, plan

10、, refuse, prepare, volunteer, be said to do, be believed to do,常用不定式的句型：It takes sb some time to do. It is adj. for sb/of sb to do. (adj修饰to do时用for；adj修饰sb时用of)（2）V+do: 使役动词：常考主动: let, make, have；感官动词：常考被动。（变为被动语态时，原来省略的to要加上。）Let, make, have + sb+ doThe boss made him work day and night. He was mad

11、e to work day and night. Have sth done 遭遇不幸；让某人做某事He has his wallet stolen. I have my hair cut. Get sth done/ make sth done; get sb to doI got my bicycle repaired. 感官动词：See/ hear /notice / watch / feel +sb + doing（强调正在进行）/do（强调动作的全过程或表示将要）3 成份：除谓语外的所有成份：主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，补语。（1）不定式作主语与动名词作主语区别：to do表具体的

12、，一次性的动作；而动名词表示一般的，抽象的，多次性的动作。（2）不定式作表语。be to do计划好，规定好的事，表将要的动作。I am to study English abroad.=I am going to study English abroad. （3）作定语。名词+to do/to be done 表示将要 名词+doing/being done 表示进行 名词+done 表示完成，表被动。 The meeting to be held/ the meeting being held/ the meeting held（4）作状语： To do, 主谓宾 （表目的）= In or

13、der to do, 主谓宾。To pass the exam, we came here.=In order to pass the exam, we came here. 主谓宾 + to do/in order to do表目的 主谓宾 + so as to do 不能用于句首We came here to study English/ in order to study English/so as to study English. 主谓宾, to do/ in order to do表结果He studied hard, to pass the exam. I picked up t

14、he phone, only to find that it was a wrong number. 注：作状语时，一般用to do，而不用doing/done。(二)doing/not doing 动名词/现在分词1时态、语态vtvi主动被动主动一般式doingBeing donedoing完成式Having doneHaving been doneHaving done注意：doing一般式表动作同时发生； having done表示动作先于主句谓语动作之前发生； having done不做定语。2 doing成份：动名词：主、宾、表、定 现在分词：状、定、补、表动名词与现在分词作表语区别

15、：I am standing.Standing is I. (分词)My hobby is standing.=Standing is my hobby. (动名词)定语区别：只表示用途为动名词；a sleeping cara car which is sleeping =a car used for sleeping能转成定从的为分词；a sleeping girl=a girl who is sleeping.3 动名词考点：固定搭配及固定句型；ones doing; (one是doing的逻辑主语)宾格代词+doing: my doing; me doing常考动词：mind, risk

16、, appreciate, resist, escape (vt.逃避 vi escape from逃跑), enjoy, admit, suggest (suggest当建议讲时，后面的that从句用虚拟，谓语用should do; suggest当暗示讲时，=indicate后面的从句用普通时态。), consider to do认为/consider doing考虑, delay=postpone=put off=set back（指时间）推迟, hold up（指具体）耽误, abandon=give up=part with=quit, acknowledge, advocate,

17、tolerate=put up with=stand=bear, Somebody spend time/money on sth/ (in) doing sth. There is no point in doing sth.It is useless /no use /no good doing sth.Sb have difficulty/ trouble in doing sth.Be worth doingV+to do与V+doing区别：Remember to do未做/ remember doing已做；forget to do/forget doing; regret to

18、do未发生遗憾/regret doing已发生后悔I regretted not joining your party last week. (动作已发生，所以用doing)I never regretted not accepting the offer, for it was not where my interest lay. (1993.42)Mean to do打算；mean doing/ N/ that 从句：意味着Try to do试图，努力；try doing试一试，尝一尝Stop to do停下来去做；stop doing禁止做Continue to do继续做另外一件事；c

19、ontinue doing接着做同一件事Go on to do/ go on doing (与continue一样)（三）现在分词与过去分词区别Done+N已完成；doing+N正在进行现在分词四种形式：doing, being done, having done, having been done过去分词一种形式：done (及物动词的过去分词表示被动，不及物动词的过去分词表示完成。)Eg: a retired worker, fallen leaves, bloomed flowers.1 作定语与不定式区别（见不定式）2 作状语与不定式区别；(1) 分词，主谓宾：表示时间，原因，条件对比

20、：to do，主谓宾：表目的。Be+adj/n: 永远没有被动形式。_ a teacher, one has to be a student first. (2) 主谓宾，分词（表示伴随，方式，结果）选择结果状语时，不定式优先考虑，其次再考虑分词。解题方法：1 先判断主被动关系。即分词与句子主语之间如果是逻辑上的主谓关系时，分词用主动式doing, having done；如是逻辑上的动宾关系时，分词用被动：being done, having been done, done. Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks beautiful. S

21、eeing from the top of the hill, I find the city beautiful. 2 再判断动作先后，即分词动作发生在主句谓语动作之前时，分词用完成时：having done, having been done. 3 Having been done 强调正在进行；done强调已完成4 避免非谓语悬垂，即避免非谓语动词没有逻辑主语。 Leaving the room, the door was locked. Leaving the room, he locked the room. 连词+分词，主谓宾 （时间，原因，条件）（句子主语为分词的逻辑主语或宾语）

22、主谓宾，连词+分词 （伴随，方式，结果）（句子主语为分词的逻辑主语或宾语）注：连词+to do After/before: after/before doing/being doneAfter/before done after/before to do(3) 分词独立主格：名词+分词，主谓宾。(需判断名词与分词之间的逻辑主谓、动宾关系。) With + 名词+分词，主谓宾。 主谓宾，名词+分词。主谓宾，With +名词+分词。A woman came in, with a baby (being) in her arms. (being分词可省略。)在英语句子中，逗号是不能连接两个独立完整的

23、句子的。主谓宾，主谓宾。连词+主谓宾，主谓宾。非谓语，主谓宾。非谓语考点：固定搭配；for there to be; of there being作成份：状语，定语； 作状语形式：分词状语；连词+分词；独立主格。专四语法三三、 三大从句 名词性从句：主从，宾从，表从，同位语从句 (重点关联词：that, which, what, as) 形容词性从句：定语从句 副词性从句：状语从句（一） 状语从句只要读懂意思即可选答案，考的频率较高。1 让步状从：（1）although, though, even if, even thoughEven adv 只能修饰句子，不能连接句子。 despite/i

24、n spite of prep.只能接名词。（2） as引导的让步倒装：Adj / adv / n (无冠词) / 分词 + as + 主谓，主谓宾Although I am busy/ Busy as I am, Although he is a child/ Child as he is,考点：AS + 固定搭配 如：be defined as, regard as 时间状语从句：主从句主语要一致，主从句动作同时发生。 原因状语从句：在说话人看来很明显的理由。方式定从：限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句比较状从：He is as tall as I (am).让步倒装介词：与like区别（3

25、） while引导的让步状从 句首，相当于although, though; 表转折，放在句中，相当于but; 当。时候；while从句谓语动词用延续性，而when从句动词为非延续。（4） no matter+疑问词(what, where, how)=疑问词+ever引导的让步状从: However=no matter how 两者都可以引导让步倒装，但只有疑问词+ever可引导名词从句。 However + adj/ adv +主谓，主谓宾。 However strong he is, 主谓宾。 However fast he runs, 主谓宾。2 比较状从一般由as, than引导 （

26、见形容词、副词比较结构）3 条件状从：（1）if, unless(=if not), provided, providing, suppose, supposing 倘若If: 条件状从： 真实条件 虚拟条件 宾从：“是否”Whether: 让步状从：“无论如何”，“无论是否”名从：主从 “无论是否” 宾从 表从 同位从If和 whether只有在引导宾从时可以互换。whether可加or not，而if不可。（2）条件状从：as long as, so long as, on condition that, in the event that, in case (连词)，in case of

27、 + N (介词词组)4 时间状从（1）when, while, as (主从句主语一样，动作同时发生)（2）hardlywhen刚。就。 Scarcelywhen刚。就。 No soonerthan刚。就。 Notuntil直到。才。（3）the minute=the moment=the instant=as soon as The first time/second time/ third time/ last time / next time/ each time/ every time / the day/ by the time （4）since, till, until （til

28、l一般不放在句首）, once, before, after Notuntil（主句动作非持续） Till, until （主句动作可持续）I did not have supper until he came. I waited till he came. 5 结果状从: so adj/advthat Such (a/an) adj + N + that With the result that(as a result 是副词词组，不引导句子) So that以便，in order that为了6 原因状从 Because=in that, since=now that：强调人们已知的理由；

29、as：强调在说话人看来很明显的理由；for：表示推理得出的理由，表理由时不放在句首。7 地点状从: where, wherever8 方式状从: as, just as, much as 正如。Eg: They try to conceal the fact just as I did. （二）名从：主从，宾从，表从，同位从解题方法：抓连词：连接词：that, whether, if; 连接代词：what, which, who, whom连接副词：when, where, how, why抓连词在名从中的成份： 连接词：只起加接作用，不充当从句中成份； 连接代词：既连接从句，又在从句中充当主

30、、宾、表、定语； 连接副词：既连接从句，又在从句中充当状语。连接词词义是否在从句中充当成份能否省略That无不充当作宾语时可省Whether“是否”不充当不可省if“是否”不充当（引导宾从）不可省连接代词词义是否在从句中充当成份能否省略what“什么”主宾表不可省Which“哪一个”定语不可省who“谁”主语不可省whom“谁”宾语不可省连接副词词义是否在从句中充当成份能否省略How方式状语不可省Where地点状语不可省when时间状语不可省Why 原因状语不可省That的考点：代词：主宾表 连词： 名从中的连接词：与what区别；限定性定从中的关系代词：与which区别； 强调句式；状从中的连接词：in order that;so that(1)that引导的名从：主从，宾从，表从，同位从，只起连接作用，不在从句中充当成份。That+完整句子。 that引导的主语从句：It is/was adj