语言学期末考试考点一览.docx

1、语言学期末考试考点一览Chapter 1 Linguistics考点1：定义（选择题或填空题）Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Language distinguishes human beings from animals because it is far more sophisticated than any animal communication system. Linguistics: the scientific study of human

2、 languages.It studies not just one language of any one society, but the language of all human beings.（判断题）注：语言学研究的是所有人类的语言，并不是局限于如英语等某一门语言。Language is vocal1) The primary medium for all languages is sound.2) Writing systems came into being much later than the spoken forms. Word is the smallest unit

3、that can be used, by itself, as a complete utterance.词是能够独立构成一个完整语句的最小单位考点2：Design features 语言的定义特征 （分析大题）Design features: the distinctive features of human language that essentially make human language distinguishable from languages of animals. （定义填空题） 语言的四个Design features 也是区别人类语言好动物语言的特征A、Arbitra

4、riness 任意性There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. 语言形式的符号与所表示的意义无天然的联系。Different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages. （语素音义关系的任意性）Arbitrariness at the syntactic level: language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level. （语言在句法层面是非任意性）【判断题】The link bet

5、ween a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention.语言的形式和意义的连接是约定俗成，即规约性 任意性具有两个层面，而非any level ! (判断题) Arbitrariness Makes language potentially creativelanguage convention Makes language systematicB、Duality 双重性，二元性Human language is productive or creative due to duality and recursivenes

6、s(递归性).（填空题）The structural organization of language into two abstract levels: At the lower level (the secondary level) : meaningful units At the higher level (the primary level) : meaningless segments Expression of duality: 1. Combine meaningless sounds into meaningful linguistic units 2. Combine sm

7、all units into big units C、Creativity 创造性Language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. We can use it to create new meanings. （recurse sentence）Recursiveness：it refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without definite limit.D、Displacement 移位性Human languages enable t

8、heir users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. （定义填空题）移位性指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间上和空间上并不可及的物体，时间或观点。动物语言与人类语言移位性的表现 (判断题)Such animals are under “immediate stimulus control”. Human language is, on the contrary, stimulus f

9、ree.(动物语言会受到直接刺激控制)Our language enables us to communicate about things that do not exist or do not yet exist.考点3：Functions of Language 语言的功能A、The informative function (信息功能)Informative function: the major role of language; language is the instrument of thought and people often use it to communicate

10、new information. B、Interpersonal Function (人际功能)Interpersonal Function: the most important sociological use of language, by which people establish and maintain their status in a society.eg: Dear Sir, Dear Professor, Johnny, yours, your obedient servant等表称呼的C、The performative function (施事功能):The perf

11、ormative function: This means people speak to “do things” or perform actions. 用说话表示行为D、The emotive function (情感功能): The emotive function: one of the most powerful uses of language because it is crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something. 标志性语句：swear w

12、ord(誓言)、obscenities(侮辱之词)、involuntary verbal reactions to a piece of art or scenery、conventional words/phrases,eg: God, Damn it, What a sight, Wow, Ugh 我的妈呀，老天爷啊，晕E、Phatic communion （寒暄功能）The use of language to establish an atmosphere or maintaining social contact. E.g. Greetings, Farewells, and Com

13、ments on the weather, etc.F、The recreational function （娱乐功能）The use of language for the sheer joy of using it such as a babys babbling or a chanters chanting. G、Metalingual function (元语言功能) Metalingual function：our language can be used to talk about itself, talking about talk and thinking about thin

14、king. To be honest; on second thought; to tell you the truth; as a matter of fact; that is to say; Such expressions are used most frequently when we want to expatiate the meaning of former clauses in another way in argumentation. It makes the language infinitely self-reflexive (自我反身性)考点4：Main branch

15、es of Linguistics (考查定义！) 1. Sound phonetics 语音 2. Sounds phonology 音系学 3. Word morphology 形态学 4. Words/sentence syntax 句法学 5. Meaning semantics 语义学 6. Meaning in a context pragmatics 语用学（language in use）Macrolinguistics （微观语言学）Psycholinguistics 心里语言学 Sociolinguistics 社会语言学考点5：distinctions in lingui

16、stics A、Descriptive vs. Prescriptive 描述性与规定性 People say X. Descriptive（To describe the linguistic facts observed） Dont say X. Prescriptive （To lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behavior）Modern linguistics is mostly Descriptive. 现代语言学更多的是描述某些现象Tradition English belongs to Prescriptive. 古代英语则有许多

17、条条框框B、Synchronic vs. diachronic 共时性与历时性 （判断题）A synchronic (共时的) description, the description of a language at some point in time, takes a fixed instant as its point of observation (static state). A Grammar of Modern Greek; The Structure of Shakespeares English English Examined: Two Centuries of Comm

18、ent on the Mother-Tongue. Protean Shape: A Study in Eighteenth-century Vocabulary and Usage. The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-Formation.Diachronic (历时的): the description of a language as it changes through time. (dynamic state) Pejorative (轻蔑语) Sense Development in English Pejora

19、tive Sense Development in English.C、Langue & parole 语言和言语Langue (language): 说话者的语言能力the generalized rules of languageParole (speaking):语言上的实际表现 the application of rulesD、Competence and performance Competence: the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language (语言能力)Performance: the actual use of

20、 language in concrete situations (语言运用)Langue-paroleCompetence-performanceLangue is a social product and a set of conventions for a communitySaussure looks at language from a sociological or sociolinguistic point of viewCompetence is deemed as a property of the mind of each individualN. Chomsky deal

21、s with his issues psychologically or psycholinguistically.Words are the most stable of all linguistic units, in respect of their internal structure.就词的内部结构而言，词是所有语言单位中最稳定的。Chapter 2 Speech soundWhat are the three cavities of the vocal tract? The pharyngeal cavity:咽腔 The oral cavity:口腔 The nasal cavi

22、ty:鼻腔G: velar（软腭音): 舌后部抬升抵住软腭所发出的音 k g w k as in cat g as in get as in sing w as in wet前元音：由舌的前部发出舌尖抵下齿，舌前部向硬腭抬起 i: i e 考点1：Consonants 辅音 Vowels 元音左边：voiceless 右边：voicedStop 爆破音 Nasal 鼻音 Fricative 摩擦音 Lateral边音 Affricate 塞擦音会描述辅音， (填空题中找出两个辅音共同的特点)eg: p voiceless bilabial stop b voiced bilabial stop

23、 他们的共同特点是都具有bilabial stop考点2：元音的描述Classification of RP and GA pure vowels 参见P36FrontCentralBackUngroundedRoundedUngroundedTenseLaxTenseLaxTenseLaxTenseLaxHigh MidLowEg: love mid back lax ungrounded voel 考点：会判断broad transcription宽式音标与narrow transcription严式音标的区别eg: peak pi:k broad transcription pi:k n

24、arrow transcription考点：Minimal pairs (最小对立体）Four requirements for identifying minimal pairs: 1) They have the same number of sound segments. a. 彼此的语音数量相等 * (dip disk) 2) They are different in meaning. b. 彼此的意义不同 3) They differ only in one sound segment. c. 彼此仅存在一个语音的差异 * (bit bad) 4) The different so

25、unds occur in the same position in the strings. d.语音差异出现在同一位置上 pill/bill; pill/till; till/kill; kill/dill/; dill/gill cut/but; big/peg; peak/leap考点：Phones (音素)Phone: a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Allophones: variatio

26、n in the pronunciation of phonemes in different positions.The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.The minimal distinctive speech sounds-PhonemesVariants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme.the non-distinctive speech sounds Two requireme

27、nts for phones to fall into the same phoneme:满足allophones 的两个条件：1) allophones of the same phoneme should be in complementary distribution. 必须形成互补关系/l/ l /_ V (clear l) eg: lead l / V_ (dark l) eg: feel Not all the phones(sounds) in complementary distribution are considered to be allophones of the sa

28、me phoneme- they have no phonetic similarity.(成互补分布的不一定都属于同一音位）2) they must bear phonetic similarity. 发音近似考点：Assimilation (同化)(1) within a syllable 音节内 P42 ex.2-1-2-3can kn / _ +nasal nasalization 鼻音化tenth tn n n / _ +dental dentalization 齿音化sink sk n / _ +velar velarization 软腭化(2) Across syllables

29、跨音节 P43 ex.2-4pan caken k velarsun glassesn g velar(3) Across word boundaries 跨过词的界限 P43 ex.2-5You can keep them He can go nown k velar n g velarChapter 3 Morphology考点1：定义！Morphology 形态学:the study of word-formation, or the internal structure of words, or the rules by which words are formed from smal

30、ler components：Morphemes Morphemes(语素)：The smallest meaningful components of words. 【smallest unit that carries meaning】Phoneme(词素): 【smallest unit that can distinguish meaning】考点2：词素的分类A、in terms of their capacity of occurring alone Free morphemes自由语素 Bound morphemes黏着语素B、Poly-morphemic words other than compounds may be divided into roots and affixes. root the part left when all the affixes are removed 词根 stem the part left when a certain affix is removed 词干 affix the part which is attached to other words; usually bound morphemes 词缀C、Inflectional morphemes曲折词Deriv