托福专业词汇.docx

1、托福专业词汇地理学hemisphere hms,fr半球meridian mrdn子午线 / 经线parallel pr,ll平行圈latitude纬线longitude经线 / 经度elevation海拔altitude高度 / 海拔horizon地平线equator赤道temperature latitudes温带地区tropics热带地区Arctic / the North Pole北极Antarctic / Antarctica 南极the Antarctic Continent南极洲the Antarctic Circle南极圈the Arctic Circle北极圈aurora r

2、or极光tropics of Cancer 北回归线tropics of Capricorn 南回归线international date line国际日期变更线time difference 时差time zone时区topography tpgrf 地形 / 地形学plain平原plateau / highland 高地lowland 低地basin盆地oasis oess绿洲enclave nklev飞地peak山峰cordillera,krdlr / ranges山脉carven / cave 洞穴terrain地域subterranean,sbtrenn地底下coastland沿海地

3、区coastline海岸线watershed分水岭upper reaches上游lower reaches下游tributary trbj,tr 支流deposit沉积spring / fountain泉水iceberg 冰山riverbed河床gulf / bay 海湾waterfall 瀑布cascade小瀑布；喷流reef暗礁tide湖水torrent水的急流tropical rain forest热带雨林continental island大陆岛volcanic island火山岛coral island珊瑚岛islet alt小岛peninsular半岛archipelago ,rk

4、pl,go群岛delta三角洲landlocked area内陆inland waterway内陆河subcontinent次大陆cliff山崖valley山谷hillside / mountain slope山坡continental shelf大陆架canyon / gorge峡谷channel / strait 海峡remote-sensing遥感的terrestrial trstrl地球的 / 陆地的terrestrial heat / geothermal diomal 地热terrestrial magnetism 地磁continental drift 大陆漂移学说sea-flo

5、or spreading海床扩展evaporation蒸发salinity含盐度ocean bottom海床sediment沉积物tropical热带的temperate 温带的frigid寒带的frost heaving冻胀现象tundra tndr苔原，冻原fieldstone卵石the Mediterranean Sea地中海the primeval forest原始森林Scandinavia斯堪的纳维亚(半岛)(瑞典、挪威、丹麦、冰岛的泛称)fjord fjord峡湾coral reef珊瑚礁Chalk白垩纪cataclysm kt,klzm大洪水ridge山脊；分水岭abyss深渊t

6、erritory版图；领土；地域Pyrenees比利牛斯山脉Carpathians k:peijnz喀尔巴阡山脉Vesuvius维苏威火山Pompeii庞贝precipice悬崖eon世；纪；代glacier冰河Pangaea盘古大陆dune沙丘Lagoon lgun咸水湖地质学crust地壳mantle地幔core地核continental crust大陆地壳oceanic crust 海洋地壳layer / stratum stretm地层stratigraphy strtgrf地层学fault断层fault plane断层面fault zone断层带rift / crack / spli

7、t断裂disintegration / decomposition分解erosion腐蚀fossil化石igneous gns rock火成岩sedimentary rock沉积岩metamorphic mtmrfk rock变质岩limestone石灰岩granite grnt花岗岩marble大理石lithosphere l,sfr岩石圈magma / molten lava岩浆quartz石英mineral矿物ore or矿石deposit矿床rubble碎石debris残骸platinum pltnm白金/铂金silver银copper黄铜aluminum铝tin锡lead铅zinc锌

8、nickel镍mercury汞/水银sodium钠gem宝石diamond钻石emerald绿宝石ruby红宝石glacier冰川glacial冰川的glacial epoch / age / period冰川期glacial drift冰渍moraines冰碛iceberg冰山volcano火山active volcano活火山extinct volcano死火山dormant volcano休眠火山(sloping) shield volcano盾状火山（平缓）(steep-sided) cone volcano锥状火山（陡峭）eruption火山喷发crater 火山口caldera（开

9、口较大的）火山口depression洼地，凹陷处；盆地lava火山岩浆volcanic dust火山尘volcanic ash火山灰geyser gaz间歇喷泉hot spring温泉earthquake / quake / tremor / seism地震seismic sazmk地震的seismology地震学magnitude震级seismic intensity scale震烈度seismic wave地震波transverse wave横波longitudinal wave纵波epicenter p,snt震中epicentral distance震中距aftershock余震cat

10、aclysm灾变tsunami / tidal / force海啸undersea landslide海底山崩melt global warming全球逐渐变暖aquifer蓄水层swamp沼泽peat bog泥炭沼泽Great Canyon大峡谷Nile River尼罗河Colorado river科罗拉多河crumples zones地质缓冲地带bedrock岩床bulge凸起物动物学zoology动物学Darwinism达尔文学说natural selection自然选择phylum门class纲order目suborder亚目family科genus dins属species种inve

11、rtebrate无脊椎动物vertebrate脊椎动物aquatic life水生动物reptile爬行动物amphibian / amphibious animal两栖动物protozoa ,protzo原生动物rodent啮齿动物ruminant rumnnt反刍动物parasitic animal寄生动物primate灵长动物plankton浮游生物mollusk mlsk软体动物coelenterate腔肠动物（如水母、海蜇、珊瑚等）herbivore食草动物mammal哺乳动物homotherm恒温动物cold-blooded animal冷血动物poikilotherm变温动物sc

12、avenger食腐动物carnivorous食肉的herbivorous食草的omnivorous杂食的bird鸟类camouflage伪装hibernate冬眠；蛰伏regeneration再生predatory / carnivore食肉的predator捕食者prey捕食hordes / swarms（昆虫等）群flock（牛、羊等）群community动物的群落或人的部落population种群herd兽群hygiene卫生sanitation公共卫生；卫生设施monogamous一夫一妻的/一雌一雄的polygamous一夫多妻的/一雄多雌的polyandrous一妻多夫的/一雌多雄

13、的nomadic游牧的；流浪的trapper诱捕动物者niche小生态环境vestige退化器fertilizer使受精metabolism新陈代谢breed（名词）品种；（动词）繁殖multiply / reproduce繁殖spawn（鱼、虾、蛙等）孵anatomy解剖学appetite食欲creature生物scales鳞feathers羽毛armor甲spinal cord脊椎digestive system消化系统excretory system排泄系统reproductive system生殖系统circulatory system循环系统respiratory system呼吸系

14、统hormonal system内分泌系统digestive duct消化管esophagus食管stomach胃small intestine小肠large intestine大肠anus肛门digestive gland消化腺salivary gland唾液腺liver肝gallbladder胆pancreas胰水生动物jellyfish水母nettlefish海蜇coral珊瑚dolphin海豚whale鲸鱼shrimp小虾prawn对虾lobster龙虾crab螃蟹mussel贻贝；蚌类clam蛤蜊oyster牡蛎sponge海绵starfish海星squid鱿鱼；乌贼burro /

15、octopus章鱼sole鳎；鳎目鱼plaice ples鲽，红斑比目鱼哺乳动物squirrel松鼠marten貂bat蝙蝠squeak（老鼠等）吱吱otter水獭antelope羚羊gorilla大猩猩chimpanzee黑猩猩baboon狒狒hyena鬣狗moose驼鹿beaver海狸elk麋鹿reindeer驯鹿giraffe长颈鹿rhinoceros犀牛hippo河马sloth树懒slothful懒惰的两栖动物、爬行动物frog青蛙tadpole蝌蚪salamander蝾螈scorpion蝎子turtle龟lizard蜥蜴chameleon变色龙caymen / crocodile鳄鱼

16、centipede蜈蚣鸟类robin知更鸟owl猫头鹰barnacle北极鹅penguin企鹅canary金丝雀chirp（鸟、虫的叫声）vulture秃鹫crane鹤stork鹳ptarmigan雷鸟migrate迁移plumage羽体camouflage伪装wing翅膀bill（鸟）嘴beak（鹰等的）嘴昆虫insect昆虫wasp黄蜂hornet大黄蜂spider蜘蛛pest害虫worm虫/蠕虫cicada蝉mantis螳螂cockroach蟑螂earthworm蚯蚓antenna / tentacle触须larva幼虫建筑学architecture建筑学architect建筑学家con

17、struct结构wing辐楼/侧楼design设计elevator电梯skyscraper摩天大楼design element设计元素log structure原木结构cabin小木屋beam梁prototype原型building technique建筑工艺new material新材料metal-frame金属结构repair person修理工planetarium ,plntrm天文馆aquarium水族馆archives档案馆office building写字楼cathedral大教堂mosque清真寺the statue of liberty自由女神像the triumphal a

18、rch凯旋门sphinx狮身人面像pyramid金字塔castle城堡教育学higher education高等教育moral character道德品质domain领域faculty全体教员alumni校友treasurer生活委员/财务大臣elective system选课制度curriculum课程（总称）discipline学科/管理learn by rote死记硬背encyclopedias n,saklpid百科全书/专科全书政治、经济学类subsistence存活，生活subsistence wage刚够养家糊口的工资subsistence level收支平衡的生活水平kinsh

19、ip亲属关系，血缘关系commodity商品check支票；收据；账单bank loan银行贷款interest利息withdraw从银行账户中提款honor (a cheque/bill/draft)承兑a run on a bank挤兑the Great Depression大萧条consumerism消费主义（认为高消费对个人和社会有利的看法）；保护消费者权益主义affluence富裕，富足sophisticated世故的，老练的；复杂的，尖端的考古学archaeology考古学paleontology ,pelntld古生物学anthropology人类学archaeologist人类

20、学家pale-anthropologist古人类学家ecological anthropologist生态人类学家psychological anthropologist心理人类学家originate起源于ancestor祖先hominid人（科）homogeneous ,homdins同以种族（种类）的tribe部落clan氏族excavation挖掘excavate / unearth挖掘ruins遗迹/废墟remains遗产/遗骸artifact手工艺品relic遗物/文物antique古物/古董antiquity古代/古老Stone Age石器时代Bronze Age青铜器时代Iron

21、 Age铁器时代Paleolithic旧石器时代的Mesolithic中石器时代的Neolithic新石器时代的morphology形态学skull颅骨cranial颅骨的fossil化石ancient civilization古代文明cave man山顶洞人cultural relics文物rock painting岩画美术（绘画和雕塑）fine arts美术oil painting油画water color水彩画tempera蛋彩画sketch速写/素描pastel彩色蜡笔画poster海报/招贴画charcoal drawing木炭画mural painting / fresco壁画en

22、graving版画lithograph石板画landscape painting风景画still life静物画portrait肖像画caricature漫画pigment颜色，色素canvas油画布brush画笔drawing board画板perspective透视画法original原作copy临本reproduction / replica复制品genuine真的fake假的gallery美术馆autograph真迹panorama全景画calligraphy书法paste裱糊impressionistic style印象派风格framing装框sculpture雕塑sculptor雕

23、塑家figurine小雕像bust半身雕塑像statue塑像unique唯一的/独特的animator漫画家saxophonist萨克斯风管吹奏者indigo靛蓝purple紫色能源和环境fossil fuel矿物燃料process of photo synthesis光合作用solar energy太阳能nonrenewable不可再生的energy conservation保护能源resource资源energy source能源资源tidal energy潮汐能fuel-efficient节能型的rush hour高峰期zero emission零辐射wildness野生/天然prese

24、rvation保护atmosphere大气carbon碳dioxide二氧化物burning of coal and oil煤油燃烧global warming全球变暖greenhouse effect温室效应rise in sea level海平面上升long-term climatic change长期的气候变化environmental recycling center再循环利用中心litter/trash garbage垃圾pollutant污染物desertification沙漠化deforest滥伐森林drought干旱water shortage水源缺乏offshore spil

25、lage近海岸溢出carbon dioxide release二氧化碳排放industrial sewage工业污水recycling再循环purify净化deteriorate恶化acid rain酸雨sewage disposal污水处理environment protection环境保护ozone layer臭氧层waste disposal废物处理emission（汽车废气的）排放soot sut烟尘El Nio厄尔尼诺现象气象学meteorology气象meteorologist气象学家meteorological station气象站forecast / predict预报climate气候atmosphere大气层troposphere对流层stratosphere平流层mesosphere中间层ionosphere an,sfr