Unit 3 The land down under.docx

1、Unit 3 The land down underUnit 3 The land down under一、自主学习 课文背景知识 澳大利亚是仅次于俄罗斯、加拿大、中国、美国和巴西的世界上第六个陆地面积最大的国家。但它拥有的人口却较少。 澳大利亚是世界上唯一管辖整个洲和它的外围岛屿的国家。澳大利亚大陆是地球上最大的岛屿，也是地球上最小和最平坦的陆地。澳大利亚位于南纬10度到39度之间。 澳大利亚拥有灌溉良好的肥沃土地。这一土地资源得到了充分有效的利用，以帮助养活世界人口。在干旱地区可以放牧牛羊，但是必须精心保护土壤。当澳大利亚降雨量的周期比较长时，就会出现干旱，一些牧场将变成沙漠。 澳大利亚联

2、邦由六个州和两个地区组成。内陆的边界大部分是沿着经纬线划定的。西澳大利亚是最大的一个州，其面积与整个西欧一样大。 澳大利亚拥有世界上任何地方都没有的种类异常繁多的生命形式。澳大利亚的动植物是在与世界其它地方隔绝的环境中逐渐进化而成的。大约l亿6千万年以前，当贡德瓦纳兰这块超级大陆裂开时，澳大利亚与南极洲连接并向南极方向漂移。南极的冰川在澳大利亚和其它大片陆地之间形成一道屏障。 澳大利亚本土生长的有袋动物的染色体结构不同于其他地区的哺乳动物。其特点是它们在育儿袋内养育自己的子女。 在澳大利亚像树袋熊那样的有袋动物占据了范围广泛的最适合它们生长的生态环境。最早的袋鼠类有袋动物看来是大约1500万年

3、前出现的。它们的体形大小和适应能力有很大区别。有一种热带袋鼠生活在树林中。但绝大多数袋鼠是干燥灌木丛林的有效利用者，它们有很强的耐受力。 随着世界气候的变暖和冰川的溶化，各大洋逐渐上升到现在的水平，连接新几内亚和塔斯马尼亚的大陆桥被切开。珊瑚逐步占据了被海水淹没的滨海平原，形成昆士兰州的大堡礁。生活在澳大利亚热带地区巨大的咸水鱼是有本领的食肉动物。它们的这一特性自恐龙时代以来一直持续至今，几乎没有变化。巨大的有袋动物和无翼鸟于l万到2万年前已灭绝。由于这片大陆变得越来越干燥，猎人用火来改变植被的生长模式。 在过去的200年中，农业的发展和引进有害动物，如狐狸和野兔，对当地的动植物构成巨大的威胁

4、并导致越来越多的动植物物种的灭绝。澳大利亚现在已设立了强有力的科学和法律机构处理这些问题，因为澳大利亚人关心着他们独特的生态环境。HK 二、互动平台 课文译文和疑难详解 READING 阅读 THE PORTRAIT OF A NATIONWT5FZ Modern Australia is made up of six states and two territories: Western Australia, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, Australian Capital Territo

5、ry and Northern Territory. Australia is surrounded by many oceans: the Indian Ocean in the west, the Southern Ocean in the south and the Pacific Ocean in the northeast. Sydney is perhaps Australias most famous city, but the capital of Australia is Canberra, a city located between Sydney and Melbourn

6、e. The Australian flag shows the UK flag and a large star with seven points. Six of the points represent the original states and the seventh stands for all the territories. The other stars on the flag represent the Southem Crossa group of stars in the southern sky that can be used to find the South

7、Pole. THE FIRST AUSTRALIANS Australia is a young nation on an ancient continent. The first Australians were the Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders. These groups of peoples came to the continent at least fifty thousand years ago and created complex societies. Their culture was highly developed an

8、d they formed strong ties with Asians and people from other neighbouring areas. Some Australian Aborigines still live in a similar way to their ancestors, while others live in cities, towns and the country in the same way as their fellow Australians. 一个国家的描述现代澳大利亚由六个州和两个联邦区组成：西澳大利亚州、南澳大利亚州、昆士兰州、新南威尔

9、士州、维多利亚州、塔斯马尼亚州、北部地区和首都直辖区。澳大利亚被许多大洋围绕：西边是印度洋，南边是南大洋，东北面是太平洋。悉尼也许是澳大利亚最著名的城市，但澳大利亚的首都是堪培拉，一个位于悉尼和墨尔本之间的城市。澳大利亚的国旗展示了英国的国旗和一大颗七角星。六个角象征组成澳大利亚联邦的六个州，第七个代表所有的联邦区。其它的星星代表南十字星座南方天空中被用来找到南极的星座。 最早的澳大利亚人 澳大利亚是古老大陆上的一个年轻国家.最早的澳大利亚人是土著居民和托雷斯海峡岛民.这些民族至少在五万年以前来到这个大陆，并创造了复杂的社会。 他们的文化高度发展，与亚洲人和相邻地区的人们建立了牢固的关系。一些

10、澳大利亚土著居民仍然以跟他们的祖先相似的方式生活，然而其他住在城镇、乡村的人过着与同类人一样的生活。 【问】 while有哪些用法？短语similar to与the same as是怎样使用的？ 【答】 while在此处是并列连词，表示“对比，对照”的意义，译为“然而，而”。其用法归纳如下： 当的时候,在的期间： He fell asleep while he was reading the book.他读着书睡着了。 While in hospital, she wrote her first novel.在住院期间，她写了第一部小说。 与同时： While Mary was writing

11、 a letter, the children were playing outside.玛丽在写信，与此同时孩子们在外面玩耍。 He listens to music while doing his homework.他一边听音乐，一边做作业。 表示相反或对比的情况： I drink black coffee while he prefers it with milk.我喝纯咖啡而他爱加了牛奶的。 虽然 = although While I admit that there are problems, I dont agree that they cannot be solved.尽管我承认

12、存在问题，但我不认为它们不能解决。 趁的时候 While youre in the post office, can you get me some stamps?趁着你在邮局，帮我买些邮票好吗？ similar to sb./sth.与相似： Gold is similar in color to brass.金与铜的颜色相似。 The brothers looks very similar to each other.这兄弟俩看起来非常相似。 the same as与一样： I bought the same car as yours.我买的汽车跟你的一样。 as也可引导定语从句，如：Th

13、is is the same bag as I lost last week. (as在从句中充当lost的宾语。) A NATION OF PRISONERS? In the seventeenth century, European explorers began arriving on the continent. Spanish, Portuguese and Dutch, and later British ships reached the north and west coasts and Tasmania. In 1770, Captain James Cook went on

14、 a scientific journey and claimed the east coast of the continent for the British Crown. Later, when the American War of Independence made it impossible for England to send prisoners to North America, Australia was chosen as a new place where prisoners and criminals were sent. In 1788, the first fle

15、et of 11 ships arrived in Australia. The British Governor landed on January 26, today known as Australia Day. Over the next 80 years, about 160,000 prisoners were sent to Australia. The newcomers changed the way land was managed and introduced new plants and animals that were harmful to the Australi

16、an ecosystems. As a consequence, the original Australians suffered. Many Aborigines and islanders were moved and had their land taken away from them. ANOTHER NEW WORLD: THE BIRTH OF A NATION In the early twentieth century, Australia resembled the USA of the eighteenth century: it was a “new world” s

17、ociety without a ruling class. In 1901, the Commonwealth of Australia was formed. The Constitution governing six states stated that men were free and equal, explained their basic civil rights and described the new government. Aborigines and other non-Europeans did not enjoy the same rights. It would

18、 be many years until Australia learnt to rearnt to respect Aborigines and recognise the importance of a diverse society. The First World War had a strong influence on Australia. After the war, the country experienced social and economic unrest and suffered from the 一个囚犯的国度？ 十七世纪，欧洲探险者们开始到达这个大陆。 西班牙、

19、葡萄牙、荷兰，然后是英国的船队到达北部、西部沿海和塔斯马尼亚。 1770年，库克船长进行了科学考察，声称东部沿海为英联邦所有。后来，当美国独立战争使得英国不可能把囚犯送到北美时，澳大利亚被选为送囚犯和罪犯的一个新的地点。1788年， 第一批11条船的舰队到达澳大利亚。 英国统治者于 1 月26日着陆，那天就是澳大利亚国庆日.在接下来的80年里，大约160，000名囚犯被送到澳大利亚。KG6新来者改变了土地管理的方式，引进了对当地生态系统有害的动植物。结果，原来的澳大利亚人承受了痛苦。许多土著居民和岛民被赶走，土地也被抢走。 另一个新世界：一个国家的诞生 在二十世纪早期，澳大利亚类似于十八世纪的

20、美国：它是一个没有统治阶级的“新世界”社会.1901年澳大利亚联邦成立.统治六个州的宪法表明人是自由平等的，解释了他们的基本民权，描述了新政府。土著居民和其他的非欧洲人没有享受同样的权利.过了多年澳大利亚才学会尊重土著居民，认识到多样化社会的重要性。 第一次世界大战对澳大利亚有强大的影响。KG6 战后这个国家经历了社会和经济的动荡不安，遭受了二十世纪三十年代的大萧条。 【问】 claim一词有哪些意义和用法？ 【答】 此处为动词，主要有两层意思： 要求或索要（某事物）（因是应得的权利或财物）；索赔： After the Dukes death, his eldest son claimed t

21、he title. 公爵死后，其长子要求继承爵位。 She claims ownership of the land.她对这块土地的产权提出要求。 声称；宣称；断言：After the battle both sides claimed victory.战斗结束后，双方均宣称获胜。 She claims that she is related to the Queen.她声称和女王有亲属关系。 【问】 where引导从句有哪些用法？ 【答】 该句中where引导一个定语从句，修饰先行词a new place，where=to the place,在句中充当地点状语。注意：当现行词表示地点，而引

22、导词在从句中作主语或宾语时，不能用where，而要用关系代词which/that, 如： The museum which/that we visited has a long history. 我们参观了的博物历史悠久。 where也可引导地点状语从句，注意和定语从句区别，如： The youth should go where working conditions are difficult. 年轻人应该去工作条件艰苦的地方。(where引导的是状语从句，修饰谓语动词go) In the north where it is colder people grow wheat.在寒冷一些的北方

23、，人们种植小麦。(where引导的是定语从句，修饰the north) 【问】 have/get something done 有哪些意义？ 【答】 有三层意义：1. have或get意为“”使”“让”，即主语有意识地请别人做某事： I havent had my bike repaired.我还没有请人修自行车。 2. 指主语无意识地“受到”，“遭受损失”： He had his watch stolen yesterday.他的手表昨天被偷了。 3. 表示通常意义的“有”： We have not any wine left in the shop.我们店里一点酒都没有了。 【问】 it与

24、时间搭配的常用句型有哪些？使用时应注意什么？ 【答】 易混句型有以下几种： (1) It was/will be long(one week/two years .)+before从句。此句型可译为“很久（一周/两年后）才”。如： It was long before he came back.很久以后他才回来。 It will not be long before we meet again.不久我们就又会见面。 (2) It is/has been/was+ some time+ since从句。此句型可译为“自从以来已经有多长时间了”。如： It is/has been more tha

25、n fifty years since the Peoples Republic of China was founded.中华人民共和国成立已经有五十多年了。 It was three days since he had fallen ill.他生病已经有三天了。 (3) It+ be+具体时间+when.此句型可译 Depression of the 1930s. After the Second World War, Australia began to transform itself into the modern country as it is today. The econom

26、y grew and Australia benefited from immigration. People from about 200 countries moved to Australia in the fifty years after the Second World War. The country also began to change its attitude towards Aborigines: in the late 1960s, the government passed laws to strengthen the rights of Aborigines an

27、d islanders and to improve their living conditions. SPEAK AUSTRALIAN? NO WORRIES! English is the official language of Australia. Australian English differs in pronunciation from British and American English, and some of the vocabulary used “down under” is quite different from what you may have learn

28、t in your English class. Australians are fond of their language and love to have fun with it. “No worries” is Australian for “everything will be OK”. “Mate” usually means “friend” or “companion”, but can be said to anyone. A “sheila” is a female, the “outback” is the wilderness, a “billabong” is a w

29、ater hole in a dry riverbed, “uni” is a university, and to “go walkabout” is to take a long journey to get away from ones daily life. While some of the Aboriginal languages have been lost, people are trying hard to protect and record what is left. Perhaps the best known example of Australian English

30、 is the Friendly “Gday mate” that a visitor to the land down under is sure to hear. 第二次世界大战后澳大利亚转变成如今这样的现代国家。经济增长，国家从移民受益。二战后的五十年里来自200多个国家的人们搬到澳大利亚。国家也开始改变对土著居民的态度：在二十世纪六十年代后期，为了改善土著居民和岛民的生活环境，国家通过法律加强了他们的权利。 说澳大利亚的语言吗？一切都会好的！ 英语是澳大利亚的官方语言。 澳大利亚英语在发音方面与英国英语和美国英语不同，而且在澳大利亚或新西兰用的一些词汇跟你在课堂上学的有很大不同。 澳大

31、利亚人喜欢他们的语言，爱用他们的语言逗趣。KG7澳大利亚的“No worries”是“一切都会好的”。Mate”通常意味着“朋友”或“同伴”，但可以指任何人.一个“sheila”是一个女性，“outback”是旷野，“billabong”是干涸河床的洼地，“uni”是大学，而“go walkabout”是指脱离日常生活去进行徒步长途旅行。 一方面一些土著居民的语言在丢失，而另一方面人们在尽力地保护和记录剩下的语言。KG12也许最好的澳大利亚英语的例子就是一声友好的“Gday mate”，这是任何一个去澳大利亚或新西兰的人一定会听到的。 为“当某事发生时，时间是在”。如： It was 11:00 when they arrived at the factory.他们到达工厂时是11点。 请比较：It will be