虚拟语气.docx

1、虚拟语气91 虚拟语气概说虚拟语气是英语学习中的一个难点，也是大学英语四级考试及其它各种考试的一个考点。因此，我们应该熟练掌握虚拟语气的各种形式，较好地把握虚拟语气的用法。虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人表达的不是事实，而是一种与实际事实相反的假设、愿望、怀疑或者主观的设想以及没有把握的建议等。虚拟语气主要用在条件句中。 921 与现在事实相反的假设 这种虚拟语气表示一种在现实事实中并不存在的假设情况，其主句、从句谓语动词的表现形式如下表。 If 从 句: 过去式（be的过去式一律用 were） 主 句 : would (should, could, might) + 动词原形例

2、1 If I were you, I would not go out with him.假如我是你，我不会跟他出去。例 2 You wouldnt be so sleepy in the morning if you went to bed earlier. 假如你早点睡觉的话，早上就不会打瞌睡。例 3 If I had time, I would certainly go. 如果我有时间，我一定去。例 4 If John were here, we could play tennis. 要是约翰现在在这儿，我们就能打网球。例 5 If Mary werent always ready to

3、 help, I would not ask her to look after the children while I was away. 如果玛丽不是一向乐于助人的话，我外出的时候就不会请她帮我照看孩子们的。 922 与过去事实相反的假设 这种虚拟语气表示过去实际上没有发生过的事情，其谓语动词的时态要用过去完成式表示过去时。主句、从句的谓语动词的表现形式如下表。 If 从 句: had + 过去分词 主 句 would (should, could, might) + have + 过去分词例 1 If we had known that she had planned to arriv

4、e today, we could have met her at the bus station.当时我们要是知道她计划今天到，我们就会到汽车站去接她。例 2 I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time. 当时我若是有更多的时间，我会把试卷再检查一遍的。例 3 If the policeman had arrived earlier, he would have seen the accident. 如果警察早来一步，他就会看到这起事故了。例 4 If she had been given some informati

5、on, she could have answered the questions. 如果给他提供了一些资料的话，她原本是能回答这些问题的。例 5 If we had started earlier, we might have go there by noon. 如果我们早点出发的话，到中午我们就已经到那儿了。 923 与将来的事实可能相反的假设 这种虚拟语气表示一种将来实现的可能性不大的假设情况。它的谓语动词的时态要用过去将来式，表示虚拟将来式。其主句、从句的谓语动词形式如下表。 If 从 句: should + 动词原形 主 句: were to + 动词原形would (should,

6、 could, might) + 动词原形例 1 If it should rain tomorrow, what would you do? 假如明天下雨的话，你们怎么办？例 2 If he were to come tomorrow, I might ask him to help with my paper. 他如果明天来的话，我会请他帮我写论文的。例 3 If he should consider the problem again, he might get a correct conclusion. 如果他把那个问题再考虑一遍，他也许会得出一个正确结论。例 4 If you wer

7、e to attend Marys birthday party, what present would you bring to her? 如果你参加玛丽的生日舞会，你将给她带什么礼物？例 5 If he were to leave today, he would get there by Friday. 如果他今天能动身的话，他星期五就能到达那儿了。 备注 虚拟条件句中的谓语动词形式可以有一定的灵活性，表现在相对应时态的替换。1）用进行时替换相应的一般时，用过去进行时代替一般过去时，仍然表示与现在事实相反的假设。2）用完成进行时替换相应的完成时，用过去完成进行时代替过去完成时，仍然表示与过

8、去事实相反的假设。 例 1 If the wire were carrying electricity to an electric light, the electrons would not be moving around at random. 如果导线把电输送到电灯去，电子就不是任意运动。 例 2 If it had been raining yesterday, he would not have come here. 如果昨天还在下雨的话，他就不会来这儿。 924 混合虚拟式 按照一般条件句的谓语动词形式表，主句和从句谓语动词是相互呼应的，有着固定的搭配。但是有时会出现主句和从句的

9、谓语动词动作发生的时间不一致的情况。这种时间错位的主、从句结构称为混合型虚拟式。这时，动词的形式要根据所表示的时间加以调整。例 1 If I were you, I would have gone to the football game. 如果我是你的话，我会去看足球赛的。（从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去）例 2 If you had studied hard, you should not be in such a difficult situation. 你当时要是努力学习的话，你现在的境况就会好得多。（从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在） 例 3 You would succeed if you

10、had taken his advice. 如果你听了他的劝告，你现在就会成功。（从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去）例 4 If you hadnt turned them away, they wouldnt have a hard time. 如果你不解雇他们，他们就不会过艰难的日子。（从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在） 925 省略if的虚拟条件句 在书面语中，如果条件句中的谓语动词部分有were，had 或should，连接词if可以省略， 而把were，had 或should移到主语之前，如果没有were，had 或should，则不能省略。例 1 Were I in your position

11、, I should go. 如果我处于你的地位，我就去。例 2 Had you not helped me, I should have failed the CET 4 test. 你如果不帮助我的话，我过不了大学英语四级考试。例 3 Had he come yesterday, I would have asked him not to do that. 如果他昨天来的话，我就会告诉他别做那件事儿。例 4 Had Alice been more hardworking, she would not have failed. 如果爱丽斯再用功一点的话，她考试就不会不及格。 备注 如果if引

12、导的条件句的谓语部分是被动语态，则主语和助动词都可以省略，只留下分词短语表示条件。 926 表示虚拟条件的其它形式 1） 用介词without，but for来表达条件，表示“如果没有”。 例 1 Without electricity, there would be no modern industry. 没有电，也就没有现代工业。 例 2 But for your help, I would have failed the test. 要是没有你的帮助，考试我就不会及格。 例 3 But for you, we couldnt have carried out the plan. 要不是你

13、的话，我们当时无法实行那项计划。 例 4 I would have failed without her advice. 假使没有她的劝告，我想必已失败了。2） 用If it were not for , If it had not been for 表达条件，意思相当于but for。 例 1 If it were not for the Project Hope, many children in the poverty-stricken mountain areas could quit school. 如果没有“希望工程”，许多贫困山区的孩子就会辍学。 例 2 If it had no

14、t been for your help, I really dont know what I would have done. 当时如果没有你的帮助，我真不知道会做些什么。 例 3 If it had not been for these interruptions, the meeting would have finished half an hour ago. 如果没有这些干扰的话，会议在半小时前就结束了。 例 4 If it were not for you, I would be dead now. 要不是你的话，我现在已经死了。3） 用副词otherwise表达条件，意思相当于i

15、f had not。 例 1 I ran all the way to school, otherwise Id have been late. 我一路跑到学校，不然就迟到了。 例 2 They got two free tickets to Canada, otherwise theyd have never been able to afford to go. 他们得到了两张去加拿大的赠票，要不然的话，他们是负担不起这笔费用的。 例 3 A surveyors inspection of the building revealed the faults that might otherwi

16、se have been overlooked. 测量员对大楼的勘察查到了误差，要不然它们就会被忽视了。 例 4 He reminded me of what I should otherwise have forgotten. 他提醒了我，要不然我就会把这事给忘了。 备注 虚拟语气的条件有时不一定要明示出来，表示与事实相反的词语或语境都可以表达虚拟条件。 927 情态动词在从句中的应用 情态动词could, might, would除了用于主句外，还可以用于从句。这些情态动词除了表示虚拟结构外，本身还有独立的意思：would表示“意愿，决心”，could表示“能够”，might表示“或许”。

17、例 1 I would help you if I could.假如我能够的话，我一定帮助你。例 2 If he could have come, I would have been happy. 如果那时他能来的话，我会很高兴。例 3 If I could fly, I would be so glad. 我要是能飞，我会高兴得不得了。例 4 I should have gone if I might have done so.如果我可以去的话，我早就去了。 928 省略主句或从句的虚拟结构 虚拟结构中的主句或从句有时在形式上可以省略，但在意义上却仍然存在。省略情况主要有以下几种形式。 1）

18、 条件从句的省略 例 1 That would be fine. 那就太好了。（省略了if you should do it或类似条件） 例 2 He would never have done it. 他是决不会做这件事的。（省略了if he had known the grave consequences或类似条件） 例 3 You might stay here forever. 你可以永远呆在这里。（省略了If you wanted to或类似条件） 例 4 Who would have thought of it? 谁会想到是这样的呢？2） 结果主句的省略 常用于表示愿望，以“If

19、only 句型”为主。感叹句“If only !”表示与事实相反的愿望。“If only + 主语 + 过去式”表示与现在事实相反，“If only + 主语 + 过去完成式”表示与过去事实相反。 例 1 If only I could work out the mathematical problem! 我要能算出这道题该有多好！ 例 2 If only I had more money! 要是我有更多的钱就好了！ 例 3 Maggie had an accident yesterday. If only she hadnt driven so fast! 麦琪昨天开车出了事故，要是她不开这

20、么快就好了！ 例 4 If only he had not left! 如果他没有走，那该有多好！3） what if引导的虚拟结构 what if表示“如果怎么办？”或“即使又有什么系？”。 例 1 What if aliens should invade the earth? 如果有外星人侵袭地球该怎么办？ 例 2 What if (= What would happen if) I came tomorrow instead of this afternoon? 如果我不是今天下午而是明天来，又有什么关系？4） suppose / supposing引导的虚拟结构 suppose / s

21、upposing可作从属连词，引导条件状语从句。从句中动词用“过去式”，表示与现在事实相反。而suppose接间接宾语从句，用“should + 动词原形”，相当于what if ? 例 1 Suppose your parents knew what you are doing at school. 想想你父母要是知道你在学校做了些什么会怎么样。 例 2 Supposing you lost your job tomorrow.假如明天失了业，你该怎么办。 例 3 Suppose he should not keep the appointment? 他要是失约怎么办？例 4 Suppose

22、 a lion should come out of the forest?倘若一只狮子从森林里跑出来将会怎样呢？ 931 表示命令、请求、建议等动词后的宾语从句 在表示命令、请求、建议等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用 “should + 动词原形”的虚拟式，should常省略。从句的虚拟式是固定形式，不随主句谓语动词的变化而变化。这类动词有demand，suggest，insist，order，propose，prefer，require，recommend，ask，decide，motion，advise，desire，maintain，urge等。例 1 I ask that he co

23、me by 10 oclock. 我要求他十点钟来。例 2 The chairman proposed that we (should) discuss the problem. 主席建议我们讨论这个问题。例 3 The doctor suggested that she not smoke. 医生建议她不要吸烟。例 4 Als doctor insists that he rest for a few days. 艾儿的医生坚持要他休息几天。例 5 The director recommended that she study more English before going abroad

24、. 那位导师劝她出国前多学点英语。例 6 They request that the problem be discussed at the meeting. 他们要求把这个问题提到会上讨论。例 7 The lawyer asked that the case be postponed for one month. 律师要求这个案子延期一个月。例 8 Would you prefer that I go with you? 你要我和你一起去吗？例 9 The President desires that you visit him next week. 总统希望你下个星期去拜访他。 932 动

25、词wish后的宾语从句 用“wish + 宾语从句”可以表示一种愿望，它通常有下列三种形式：1） 表示现在不可能实现的愿望，谓语动词用一般过去式，be用were的形式。 例 1 I wish it were true. 我但愿这是真的。 例 2 I wish I had money to buy a computer.我真希望有钱买台计算机。 例 3 “Do you work in the lab every afternoon?” “No, but sometimes I wish I had time to.” “你每天下午都在实验室工作吗？” “不，但愿我有时间这么做。” 例 4 I w

26、ish you stopped making that noise. 我希望你不要再出声。2） 表示将来可能实现的愿望，谓语动词用“could (would，might) + 动词原形”。 例 1 I wish he could stay with me.我希望他能和我住在一起。 例 2 I wish Mary would go with us to the theatre. 我真希望玛丽能同我们一道去看戏。 例 3 I wish I could come tomorrow.我希望明天我能来。 例 4 “Were going to the movie tonight.” “I wish I c

27、ould go with you, but I have to finish my homework.” “我们今晚打算去看电影。”“我希望能跟你们一起去，但是我不得不完成我的作业。”3） 表示过去实现不了的愿望，谓语动词用“had + 过去分词”或“could (would，might) + have + 过去分词”。 例 1 We wish you had come to our Christmas Party. 我们想你来参加我们的圣诞晚会就好了。 例 2 I wish you could have called yesterday. 我希望你昨天能来电话。 例 3 I wish you

28、 hadnt caused such a great deal of fuss. 我真希望你们不要那样大惊小怪就好了。 例 4 Mary wished her daughter had started to learn piano years ago. 玛丽真希望她女儿几年前就开始学钢琴。 933 would rather等后的宾语从句 - 在would rather，would (just) as soon，would sooner后，宾语从句表示与事实相反的愿望。谓语用动词“过去式”表示现在和将来的含义，用“过去完成式”表示过去的含义。例 1 She would rather that y

29、ou had not arrived last night. 我宁愿你昨天晚上没有到达。例 2 Id rather that you didnt do that. 我宁愿你现在别做那件事。例 3 We d rather that you came tomorrow.我们希望你明天来。例 4 Id just as soon you didnt speak rudely to her. 我但愿你对她讲话时不粗鲁。例 5 I would just as soon you didnt drive the car while Im gone. 我不在的时候我宁愿你不要开车。 934 表示情感的动词后的宾

30、语从句 表示情感的动词如rejoice，regret后, 以及在表示惊奇、喜悦、怀疑、不满等形容词后的宾语从句，谓语动词可用“should + 动词原形”和“should + 现在完成式”虚拟句型。这类形容词有sorry，disappointed，surprised，ashamed，anxious等。 例 1 I regret that you should have behaved so badly that night. 我感到遗憾，你那天晚上的行为竟然这样不好。 例 2 I am sorry that you should think so.我很遗憾你竟然有这种看法。 例 3 Im su

31、rprised that you should do that.我很吃惊你竟然会做那件事。 例 4 Mary is disappointed that Tom should have failed the test. 玛丽很失望汤姆竟然没有通过考试。 94 虚拟语气在主语从句中的应用 1）“It is + 形容词 + that + 主语 + （should +）动词原形” 这类形容词通常是表示要求、建议、命令等动词的派生词以及表示情感、观点的形容词，实际主语从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气。 这类形容词有advisable，desirable，preferable，urgent，right， wrong，remarkable，incredible， queer，peculiar，curious，surprising，essential，imperative，important，natural，necessary，odd