形容词和副词专题讲解.docx

1、形容词和副词专题讲解形容词和副词基础知识解析一、定义：形容词用来修饰名词（或不定代词），表示人或事物的性质、特征、状态或属性。副词用来修饰动词、形容词、副词，有时也可以修饰数词、介词（短语）、连词、名词或全句。二、作用：形容词在句中可用作定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语（句首或句末），“the + 形容词”还可作主语或宾语。副词主要用作状语、表语、定语、补足语或介词宾语。三、形容词的作用：形容词在句中用作定语、表语、宾（主）语补足语和状语。如：She is wearing a new red silk dress. 她穿着一条红丝绸裙子。（前置定语）I have something importa

2、nt to tell you. 我有些重要的事情要告诉你。（后置定语）The film was very interesting. 那部影片非常有趣。（表语）Who left the door open?谁没关门?（宾语补足语）I laid him down dead. 我把他放在地上，他死了。（宾补）At last he got home，tired and hungry. 最后他终于到家了，又累又饿。（状语）We should respect the old and take care of the young. 我们应该尊老爱幼。（主语、宾语）四、下列以-ly结尾的词是形容词，不是副词：

3、lively活泼的；lonely荒凉的；lovely可爱的；deadly致命的；friendly友好的；ugly丑的；silly傻的；motherly 慈爱的；brotherly兄弟般的；sickly多病的、病态的；likely很可能的；kindly热情的；comradely同志式的。如：a sickly child多病的孩子；a sick child（一个生病的孩子）；be likely of success (to succeed)有可能成功；an ugly wound吓人的伤口；a friendly match友谊赛He lived on a lonely island. 他住在一个荒凉

4、的岛上。He felt lonely. 他感到孤独。The talks proceeded in a friendly atmosphere. 会议在友好的气氛中进行。五、下列以a-开头的词不能作定语，只能作表语和补足语：alone单独的；afraid害怕的；asleep睡着的；awake醒着的；aware意识到的、知道的；alive活着的、存在的；ashamed羞耻的；alike相象的。如：He is alone. 他很孤独。No two persons are exactly alike. 没有两个人是完全相象的。Im afraid that I am late. 我恐怕迟到了吧。Is h

5、e awake or asleep? 他醒着还是睡着?He has been aware of his mistake. 他已意识到他的错误。The lake is alive with fish. 湖里的鱼多得很。I feel ashamed that I have done so little for the people. 我为人民做的工作太少，感到惭愧。He is unable to tell the difference. 他不能说出其差异。注有一些形容词只能作定语：main主要的；elder年长的；former前（面）任的；outer外部的。如：the main idea主要观点；

6、the elder man那老年人；the former leader前任领导；outer space外层空间六、下列形容词前义作定语，后义作表语：certain某一/无疑的；present现在的/出席的；late已故的/迟到的；ill坏的/有病的；sure可靠的/确信的；sorry糟糕的/难过的、对不起的。如：her late husband她已故的丈夫；in late summer在夏末；a sorry state 处于可怜的状态；a sorry excuse 理由不充分的借口A certain Smith will come here. 一个姓史密斯的人将来这儿。Im certain t

7、hat he saw me. 我确信他看见了我。The present government is getting stronger and stronger. 现在的政府变得越来越强大了。How many of you were present at the meeting?你们有多少人参加了会议? Dont be late for class. 上课别迟到。He had ill luck last year. 去年他遭厄运。He has been ill for two days. 他已病了两天了。He sent the letter by a sure hand. 他是经由可靠的人送那封

8、信的。Im not sure why he wants it. 我不太知道他为何需要它。Were sorry to hear of your fathers death. 听到你父亲逝世，我们甚为难过。I feel sorry for you. 我替你难过。七、多个形容词共同修饰一个中心名词时的排列顺序的记忆口诀：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老，颜色国籍出材料，作用类别往后靠。注（1）限定词包括：冠词，物主代词，指示代词和数词；（2）描绘性形容词如： beautiful，bad，cold等；（3）大长高即表示大小、长短、高低的词；（4）表示形状的词如：round，square（方形的）等；（5

9、）出材料：指国籍、地区出处和材料的词。如：German，wooden等；（6）表示用途或类别的词。如：medical，writing等。如果类型相同，则音节少的词在前，音节多的词在后，或有逗号隔开，或用and连接，或服从习惯。如：a tall，good-looking man一个高个英俊的男人；a black and white TV set一部黑白电视机；a beautiful green Chinese woolen carpet一床漂亮的中国产的绿毛毯；some fresh big red apples一些又大又红的鲜苹果；her round pink face她那粉红的圆脸八、形容词（

10、包括else）修饰不定代词时后置。如：I have found something strange today. 今天我发现了一些奇异的东西。What else did she tell? 她还说了些什么？注enough作定语修饰名词时，可放在名词之前或之后。如：He has enough time (time enough) to do the work. 他有足够的时间做这事。九、合成形容词的构成：（记住：其中如有名词，名词不能用复数）1、形容词+名词+ed：a kind-hearted lady一位好心的老大娘2、形容词+形容词：his dark-blue eyes他那深蓝的眼睛3、形容

11、词+现在分词：a good-looking woman一位漂亮的妇女4、副词+现在分词：the hard-working people勤劳的民族5、副词+过去分词：a newly-built museum一座新建的博物馆6、名词+形容词：a world-famous politician世界闻名的政治家7、名词+现在分词：the peace-loving nation爱好和平的国家8、名词+过去分词：the man-made satellites人造地球卫星9、数词+名词+ed：a three-legged table一张三条腿的桌子10、数词+名词：a ten-speed bicycle一辆

12、十速自行车；a five-storey building一幢五层楼的建筑He wrote a two-thousand-word report. 他写了一份两千字的报告。11、数词+名词+形容词：a forty-foot-wide road=a road forty feet wide一条四十英尺宽的路12、临时用词组组成：a tower about 180 feet high=an about-180-foot-high tower一座约180英尺高的塔十、名词化的形容词：the+adj. 或分词往往名词化，用来表示一类人或事物，如果作主语，谓语要用复数。如：the young年青人；the

13、 good优点；the dying快死的人；the following下面的人或物；the wounded伤员；the exploited被剥削的人；the British英国人；the Dutch荷兰人The aged are easy to catch cold. 上年纪的人容易患感冒。The good is not always beautiful. 好的东西并不总是好看。十一、时间副词有：1、now，then，yesterday，last night，today，tomorrow，ago，tonight，before，just now，later (on)，lately，recentl

14、y，so far2、always，often，usually，sometimes，occasionally，seldom，never，generally，frequently，hardly ever，constantly，continually，rarely，scarcely，ever（此类词也叫频度副词，可以放于句首，可以放于主要动词前面，也可以放在句末）3、already，yet，late，early，soon，long，since，at once，at first，at last，finally，presently，shortly，immediately，right away十二、地点副

15、词有：1、here，there，home，upstairs，anywhere，everywhere，nowhere，somewhere，abroad，elsewhere2、above，below，down，up，out，in，across，back，along，over，round，around，away，near，off，on，inside，outside，past（此类副词如带宾语则是介词）十三、方式副词有：1、一般由形容词加-ly构成，回答how引起的问题：badly，bravely，fluently，calmly，carefully，carelessly，nervously，polit

16、ely，proudly，properly，rapidly，wrongly，sadly，suddenly，successfully，angrily，happily，slowly，warmly2、少数副词不加-ly，如well，fast，slow，quick，hard，alone，high，straight，wide，deep等。3、少数加-ly与不加-ly的成对副词，意义相同或相近： clear/clearly；slow/slowly；loud/loudly；fair/fairly；firm/firmly；easy/easily4、有的加-ly后，意义有改变：hard努力地/hardly几乎不；

17、high高地/highly高度地；late迟/lately最近；near接近/nearly几乎；most非常、最/mostly大都；just正好、恰好/justly公正地；deep深/deeply深深地；wide广阔地/widely广泛地；free免费地/freely无拘无束地；close接近/closely仔细地；direct直接/directly立刻十四、程度副词有：much，(a) little，a bit，very，so，too，enough，quite，rather，pretty，fairly，extremely，considerably，entirely，completely，te

18、rribly，perfectly，deeply，nearly，almost，hardly，scarcely，partly，half，slightly，not at all等。程度副词用来修饰形容词或副词，还可以用来修饰动词或介词短语。如：You are partly (almost，half，not at all) right. 你部分正确（几乎对了、一半对了、一点儿也不对）。She sings quite (pretty，extremely，not at all) well. 她唱得很好（非常好、极好、一点儿也不好）。Thank you very much. 非常感谢。I can hardl

19、y agree with you. 我不同意你的观点。十五、疑问副词、连接副词、关系副词：疑问副词how，when，where，why引起特殊疑问句；连接副词how，when，where，why引起名词性从句；关系副词when，where，why引起定语从句。如：How are you getting along with your studies?你们学习情况怎样?（疑问副词）This is where you are wrong. 这就是你不对的地方。（连接副词）Do you remember the day when Beijing was liberated?你还记得北京得到解放的日子

20、吗?（关系副词）Why did he tell you the bad news?他为什么告诉你这个坏消息?（疑问副词）I didnt know how he went there. 我不知道他是如何到那儿去的。（连接副词）The factory where the students worked last month is a pen factory. 上个月学生工作过的那个工厂是个钢笔制造厂。（关系副词）十六、副词的作用：副词在句子中可以作状语，用来修饰动词、形容词、副词和整个句子。如：We should often go over our lessons. 我们应该经常复习功课。The

21、visitors were warmly received by the hosts. 客人受到主人的热情接待。We are quite sure that well be able to finish it in a short time. 我们非常有把握能在短期内把它做完。How beautifully they are dancing!他们舞跳得多美!I cant jump so high as she does. 我跳高不及她跳得高。Obviously there is much room for improvement in our work. 很明显我们的工作还很有改进的余地。1、

22、作表语：I must be off now. 我得走了。When will you be back? 你什么时候回来?How long will she be away?她要离开多久?Is your mother in?你妈妈在家吗?2、作定语或复合宾语：The workers here are all very kind to me. 这儿的工人待我都很好。（定语）I met an old friend of mine on my way home. 我在回家的路上碰到了一个老朋友。（定语）Is there anything on tonight?今晚有什么活动吗?（定语）I saw you

23、 out with my sister last Saturday. 上星期六我看见你和我姐姐一道上街了。（宾语补足语）Show him up. 带他上楼去。（宾语补足语）十七、副词的位置：1、一般放在动词后面，如果是及物动词，一般放在宾语后面：You shouldnt stay up too late. 你不应当睡得太晚。I remember having seen him somewhere. 我记得在哪儿见过他。2、有些表示位置的副词如on，out，down，up，in，away等，常可以放在动词与宾语之间，但人称代词作宾语时放在这些副词前面：Turn on the light，plea

24、se. /Turn it on. 请把灯打开。Put away those chairs. /Put them away. 把那些椅子收好。Put down you name here. /Put it down here. 请在这儿写好名字。3、频度副词以及already，(not) yet，once，nearly，almost，just，really，suddenly，certainly，still，soon，surely一般放在行为动词前面，sometimes，soon，yet，once等也可放在后边：I hardly ever heard him singing. 我几乎从未听他唱过歌

25、。We occasionally saw him walking along the riverbank. 偶尔我们看见他在河边散步。Do you often have such parties?这种晚会你们常开吗?She is seldom ill. 她很少生病。He has never been late. 他从不迟到。I almost forgot about the whole thing. 我差点把这事整个忘掉了。We still need a few comrades to help us in the work. 我们还需要几个同志帮忙。Weve just sent up a n

26、ew man-made satellite. 我们刚刚发射了一颗新的人造地球卫星。Such things do happen sometimes. 这种事情的确有时会发生的。Shell be back soon. 她一会儿就回来。He hasnt come back yet. 他还没有回来。I remember having seen him once. 我记得见过他一次。4、表示否定意义的副词如never，seldom，neither，hardly，nor，scarcely等，为了强调而放在句首时，这时句子要用部分倒装结构。如：Never have I seen anything so wo

27、nderful as that. 我从来还没有看见过如此精美的东西。He didnt get there in time. Neither did I. 他没有及时赶到那儿。我也没有。Hardly had we gathered in the wheat when it began to rain. 我们刚把小麦收割完就开始下起雨来了。No sooner had I reached home than it began to snow. 我们一到达家里，天就下起雪来了。5、程度副词放在所修饰的词前面，但enough常放在它所修饰的词后面：We meet fairly often. 我们见面的时

28、候相当多。I dont quite agree with you. 我不完全同意你的意见。The room isnt large enough to seat all of us. 这房间不够大，容纳不下我们所有的人。He didnt work hard enough. 他工作不够努力。十八、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的变化形式：1、单音节词和少数双音节词：（1）一般情况直接在词尾加-er，-est 如： small，smaller，smallest。（2）以-e结尾的词加-r，-st，如：large，larger，largest （3）以“辅音 + y”结尾的词将 y 改为i，再加-er，

29、-est，如：busy，busier，busiest；heavy，heavier，heaviest（4）以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节将这个辅音字母双写，再加-er，-est，如：big，bigger，biggest；thin，thinner，thinnest2、多数双音节词和多音节词都在词前加more，most 构成：important，more important，most important；difficult，more difficult，most difficult3、变化规律特殊的词：原形比较级最高级good/wellbetterbestbad/badly/illworsewors

30、tmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/farthestoldolder/elderoldest/eldest4、有少数单音节的词，通常以加more，most的办法构成比较级和最高级，如pleased，tired，fond，glad，fit等。如：He is more fit for his office than anyone else. 他经别的任何人都更称职。十九、形容词和副词的比较级：比较级一般用来表示“比更一些”这类概念，通常用一个由连词than引起的状语从句来表示和什么相比，为了避免重复，从句中有些成分

31、可以省略，只把相比的部分突出出来。如：He jumps higher than I. 他跳得比我高。This book is more interesting than that one. 这本书比那本书有趣。He is more tired than any other student/anyone else/any of the other students. 他比其它的任何一个学生都累。The older of the two noblemen took a light and led me into a back room. 两个贵族中年长的那个拿着灯到后屋去了。He is the stronger of the two. 他是两人中身体强壮的那个。二十、比较级前可以有一个表示程度的状语：much，(a) little/bit，far，a lot，still，a good deal，even，any，no及表示倍数概念的内容。如：I like this story a good deal (a lot) better than the other one. 这个故事比那个故事我更喜欢得多。You speak far (much) more fluently than I. 你比我讲得流利得多。Now I read a little faster than before.