薄冰实用英语语法详解.docx

1、薄冰实用英语语法详解被动语态现在范畴一般现在时am/is/are made现在进行时am / is /are being made现在完成时has/have been made过去范畴一般过去时was/were made过去进行时was/werebeingmade过去完成时had been made将来范畴一般将来时shall/will be made将来完成时shall/will have been made过去将来时should/would be made过去将来完成时should/would have been made1.被动语态的各种时态被动语态( The Passive Voice

2、 )是动词的一种形式，表示主语是谓语动词的承受者。被动 语态便于论述客观事实，故常用于科技文章、 新闻报道、 书刊介绍以及景物描写。被动语态没有 将来进行时、过去将来进行时和完成进行时形式。(1)一般现在时的被动语态I am not so easily deceived. 我不会轻易上当受骗的。Computers are widely used in the world.计算机在世界范围内得到广泛应用。(2)一般过去时的被动语态The car was seriously damaged. 汽车受到严重损坏。Printing was introduced into Europe from Chi

3、na. 印刷术是由中国传入欧洲的。(3)现在进行时的被动语态The question is being discussed at the meeting.这个问题现在正在会上讨论。The children are being taken care of by their aunt. 孩子们现在正由其姑妈照看。(4)过去进行时的被动语态When I called, tea was being served.当我来访时，正值上茶之际。When they arrived ， the experiments were being made. 他们到达时，实验正在进行。(5)现在完成时的被动语态The

4、meeting has been put off. 会议已被推迟了。The party has been planned since the new year. 这次聚会自新年起就已筹划了。(6)过去完成时的被动语态By the end of last month,he had been robbed at least three times. 到上月底，他已被抢了至少三次。(7)将来完成时的被动语态It is said that the building will have been completed before September. 据说大楼将于九月前竣工。This class wil

5、l have been taught by Mr Brown for two years by next summer. 到明年夏天，布朗先生在这两个班执教已有两年了。2.含有情态动词的被动语态Water mustnt be wasted. 绝不能浪费水。Electric energy can be changed into light enery. 电能可以转变成光能。Cross the road very carefully. Look both ways, or you might be knocked down. 过马路时要特别小心，要往两边看，不然会被撞倒。3.Get+ 过去分词构成

6、的被动语态Get 过去分词也可以构成被动语态，用这种结构的句子侧重于动作的结果而不是动作本 身。如： the man got hurt on his way home. 那个男人在回家的路上受伤了。Mary is going to get married. 玛丽准备结婚了。How did the glass get broken? 杯子怎么破了？4.短语动词的被动语态(1)动词 + 介词This matter has been talked about recently. 这件事近来一直被谈论着。Such a thing has never been heard of before. 这样的事

7、从未被听说过。人家从不听他的话The old man was looked after carefully. 那位老人被精心照顾着。He has never been listened to.(2)动词 + 副词The sports meeting was put off. 运动会被推迟了A short play will be put on by them at the party.一个短剧将要由他们在晚会上演出。 What he said must be thought over.(3)其他短语动词Privileges must be done away with. The light h

8、as just been turned off. Their plans are being carried out.5.他说的话必须仔细思考特权必须被取消。灯刚被关上。他们的计划正在执行中。“主+动+ 宾+ 宾补”句型变为被动结构这种句型有两个宾语，一般地说一为间接宾语， 一为直接宾语。变为被动结构时，结构中的一个宾语变为被动结构中的主语，另一宾语不变。我们叫他小王。（主动句）他被叫做小王。（被动句）他把桌子漆成了绿色。（主动句）桌子被漆成了绿色。（被动句）6.“主 + 动 +that 从句 ”句型的被动句有些以 that 从句作宾语的主动句可以转换成两种形式的被动句。如： People s

9、ay that he is the richest man in the city. 人们说他是全市头号富翁。 It is said that he is the richest man in the city. 据说他是全市头号富翁。 He is said to be the richest man in the city. 据说他是全市头号富翁。当说话人认为主动句的主语无关紧要， 或者不清楚谁是谓语动作的发出者时， 述形式的被动句。如：It was reported that the boy had been found. 据报道，男孩已被找到。The boy was reported t

10、o have been found. 据报道，男孩已被找到。常用于上述被动句型的动词有： acknowledge, assume, believe, claim, consider,declare, estimate, expect, find, know, presume, report, say, think 等。7.只将主动便常常使用上含有被动意义的主动语态英语中有一些表示被动意义的主动句， 其谓语所表示的不是主语的动作， 而是其内在的性能。 这种句子的特点是：主语为无生命名词，谓语动词为一般现在时； 肯定句必须带方式状语； 否定 句的谓语可以带情态动词。如：She is to blam

11、e. 她应该受到责备。The house is to rent. 这个房子要出租。Food can keep fresh in a fridge. 食物放在冰箱里能保鲜。The pen writes smoothly. 这支钢笔很好写。The cloth feels soft. 这布摸上去很柔软。The cake tastes good. 这蛋糕很好吃。虚拟语气 第一章、虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的用法1. 非真实条件句中谓语动词的形式条件从句结果从句与现在事实 If I (we,you,he,they)+ 动词 I(we) should.You would. He 相反 过去式 (be 的过去

12、式用 were) would .They would+ 动词原形动词I(we) should.You would. He would .They would + 动词原形但要注意：美国英语的结果主句，不管什么人称，皆常用 would 。2.与现在事实相反的非真实条件句 虚拟语气用在与现在事实相反条件句中时，条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式 （ be 的过去式用were ），结果主句的谓语用 should（ 第一人称 ） 或 would（ 第二、三人称 ） 动词原形。如：I am sorry I am very busy now. If I had time, I would certainly c

13、ome to see you. 很抱歉，我很忙。如果有时间，我一定去看你了。If it weren t for their support, we would be in a difficult situation.要不是有他们的支持，我们的处境会很困难。if places were alike, there would be little need for geographers. 如果各个地方都一样，就不需要地理学家了。If I were you, I would apply for the job. 如果我是你，我会申请那份工作的。What would you do if you kne

14、w who broke the glass. 要是你知道谁打破了玻璃，你会怎么办？Even if I had the money, I wouldn t buy it. 即使我有钱也不会买它。3.与过去事实相反的非真实条件句虚拟语气用在与过去事实相反的条件句中时，条件从句的谓语用 had 过去分词，结果主句的 谓语用 should（ 第一人称 ） 或 would （第二、三人称） have 过去分词。如：If I had taken your advice, I wouldn t have made such a mistake.如果当时听了你的话，我就不会犯这样的错误了。If it had

15、not been for your hel p, I wouldn t have finished the work so easily.要不是你的帮助，我的工作不会这么容易完成。If we had known the basic principles, we should have controlled the process even better.如果我们知道这些基本原理，我们早就能更好地控制这个工序了。If facts had been collected one week earlier, we should have had more time to study them.假使早一

16、个星期收集事实，我们就有更多的时间研究它们了。The conference wouldn t have been so successful if we hadn t made adepreparation.如果我们不做充分的准备，会议是不会开得这么成功的。4.与将来事实相反的非真实条件句（1 ）虚拟语气用在与将来事实相反的条件句中时，条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式（ be 的过去式用 were ）， were to 或 should ，结果主句用 should（ 第一人称 ） 或 would （第二、三人 称） 动词原形。如：If it rained（ were to rain/ should

17、 rain） tomorrow, I should stay at home. 如果明天下雨，我会呆在家里。If the teacher knew it, he would be angry. 万一老师知道了这事，他会生气的。I wouldn t lose courage even if I should fail again. 即使再次失败我也不会气馁。If I made a mistake, I should try to remedy it. 假如我犯了错误，我就会设法补救。If something should go wrong, the control rods would drop

18、. 万一发生什么事故，控制杆就会下落。(2) 在与将来事实相反的条件句中，其条件从句的谓语也可用 were to 动词原形拟式比较正式，多用于书面语中，其假想性很强，实现性很小。如：If I were to do it, I would do it another way. 要是我来做这件事，我会用另一种方法。If he were to come tomorrow, I would speak to him about it. 假如明天他来，我会跟他谈这个问题。5.情态助动词用于虚拟语气 有不少情态助动词也可用于虚拟语气。如：May you live a long and happy life

19、. 愿你长寿幸福。( may 只用于表示愿望)If there were no friction, an automobile could not move. 没有摩擦力，汽车就不能开动。But for your help, we couldn t have succeeded.要不是你的帮助，我们是不会成功的。If computers had not been invited, many problems on space flight could not have been solved.如果没有发明计算机的话，宇宙飞行的许多问题就不可能解决。6.were ， had ， should 等

20、置于主语之前在书面语中， 条件从句可以不用连词 if ，而将谓语中的过去式 were ，had 或 should 语之前。如：Were you in my position, what would you do? 假如你处在我的位置，你会怎么做？Were he to leave today, he would get there by Friday. 如果他今天动身，星期五前会赶到那儿。Had some work been done, energy would have been applied. 如果做了一定量的功，就一定消耗了能量。Had they time, they would com

21、e to see you. 如果他们有时间，他们就会来看你。Should it rained tomorrow, the meeting would be postponed. 万一明天下雨，会议就会延期。这种虚等移至主Should he come, he would be able to examine the trial run of the machine. 如果他来，他就能检验这台机器的试车情况了。7.条件从句与结果主句所表示的时间不一致（1） 当条件从句与结果主句所表示的时间不一致（如一个是过去发生的，一个是现在发生的） 时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。如：If you were

22、in better health, we would have asked you to come. 如果你身体好一些，我们早就请你来了。If we had consulted him on the question yesterday, we should know what to do now. 假如昨天我们向他请教了这个问题，现在就知道该怎么办了。You would be much better now if you had taken my advice. 假如你接受了我的意见，你现在就会好得多。（2） 如果条件从句用 if I were ，结果主句则可用任何时间的虚拟形式。如：If

23、I were not busy, I would have come. 假如我不忙，我就会去的。（ were 表过去）8.虚拟语气在含蓄条件句中的用法（1） 条件暗含在短语中。如：We didn t know his telephone number; otherwise we would h ave telephoned him.我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们就会给他打电话。（暗含条件是 otherwise ）Without your help, we wouldn t have achieved so much.没有你的帮助，我们不可能取得这么大的成绩。（暗含条件是介词短语 withou

24、t your help ）But for your help, I would not have succeeded in the experiment. 如果没有你的帮助，我的实验就不会成功。（暗含条件是 but for your help ） It would cause great trouble not to lubricate the bearing immediately. 不立即润滑轴承就会引起很大的故障。（暗含条件是 not to lubricate the bearing immediately ）Alone, she would have been terrified.（2

25、） 条件暗含在上下文中。如：I would not have done it that way. 我是不会那么做的。（可能暗含 if I were you ）I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have come to help you. 我那天很忙。否则我会来帮你的。（可能暗含 if I hadn t been so busy. ）You might come to join us in the discussion. 你可以参加我们的讨论。（可能暗含 if you wanted to ）if I had the moneyI would have

26、bought the DVD player. 我是会买下那台影碟机的。（可能暗含if it had not been for the stormBut for the storm, we should have arrived earlier. 要不是碰到暴雨，我们还会早些到。(可能暗含9.省去结果主句的非真实条件句非真实条件句若省去结果主句，则常表示一种不可能实现的愿望。这种条件句常用 if only 来引 导。如：If I could see him once 我只要再见到他一次就好了。If only he were here.如果他在这儿就好了。If only I hadn t done

27、 that.我要是没做那事就好了If only I had more time to think about it. 我要是有更多的时间考虑这个问题就好了。If only you would take my advice.你如果听我的意见就好了。If only she didn t drive so fast! 她要是别开那么快就好了。10.不用 if 引导的条件句非真实条件句的条件从句除用 if 引导外，还可用 when, unless, lest, as if, for fear, in case,on condition that 等词语来引导。如：The government prep

28、ared to award them when the experiment should becompleted. 政府已准备在实验完成后嘉奖他们。Steel parts were usually covered with grease lest they should rust. 钢部件通常涂有油脂以免生锈。Unless I w ere well, I wouldn t be at work.除非我好了，否则我不会去上班。The electric current flows through a conductor as if it were a fluid. 电流好像液体般地流过导体。He

29、 handled the instrument with care for fear (that) it should be damaged. 他小心地摆弄那仪器，生怕把它弄坏。Take some more money with you in case you should need it. 多带点儿钱以备急用。He can use the car on condition that he should return it tomorrow. 如果明天车能还回来，他就可以把车借去。Suppose you were given a chance to get the job, would you

30、 accept?假如你有机会得到那份工作，你会接受吗？但要注意：与 if 一样，上述词语所引导的条件从句也可用直陈语气，表可能实现或发生的事第二章、虚拟语气在从句中的用法1.主语从句中的用法(1)在以 it 为形式主语的复合句中，虚拟语气在主语从句中表示建议、要求、命令等，谓语动 词用 should be 型或 be 型虚拟式，在美国英语中常用 be 型虚拟式。如：It s natural that she should do so. 她这么做是很自然的事。It is essential that we should tell her the news.我们有必要告诉她这个消息。It is i

31、mportant that we should make full use of our mineral resources. 对我们来说，充分利用我国的矿产资源是重要的。It is strange that the result of the experiment should be unsatisfactory. 奇怪的是实验结果竟然如此令人不满意。It is desired that we should get everything ready by tonight. 希望一切在今晚准备好。It was arranged that Mr Sam should go and help Bettie. 他们作了安排，由萨姆先生去帮助贝蒂。(2)主句的谓语为某些动词的被动语态，常用在 It is (was) desired (suggested ， settledproposed ， recommended ， requested ， decided ， etc.) that. 句型中。It is suggested