机械零件齿轮中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

1、机械零件齿轮中英文对照外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文资料对照外文翻译Machine Parts (I) GearsGears are direct contact bodies, operating in pairs, that transmit motion and force from one rotating shaft to another or from a shaft to a slide (rack), by means of successively engaging projections called teeth.Tooth profiles. The c

2、ontacting surfaces of gear teeth must be aligned in such a way that the drive is positive; i.e., the load transmitted must not depend on frictional contact. As shown in the treatment of direct contact bodies, this requires that the common normal to the surfaces not to pass through the pivotal axis o

3、f either the driver or the follower. As it is known as direct contact bodies, cycloidal and involute profiles profiles provide both a positive drive and a uniform velocity ratio;i.e., conjugate action. Basic relations. The smaller of a gear pair is called the pinion and the larger is the gear. When

4、the pinion is on the driving shaft the pair is called the pinion and the larger is the gear. When the pinion is on the driving shaft the pair acts as a speed reducer; When the gear drives, the pair is a speed incrreaser. Gears are more frequently used to reduce speed than to increase it. If a gear h

5、aving N teeth rotates at n revolutions per minute, the product N*n has the dimension “teeth per minute”. This product must be the same for both members of a mating pair if each tooth acquires a partner from the mating gear as it passes through the region of tooth engagement. For conjugate gears of a

6、ll types, the gear ratio and the speed ratio are both given by the ratio of the number of teeth on the gear to the number of teeth on the pinion. If a gear has 100 teeth and a mating pinion has 20, the ratio is 100/20=5. Thus the pinion rotates five times as fast as the gear, regardless of the gear.

7、 Their point of tangency is called the pitch point, and since it lies on the line of centers, it is the only point at which the profiles have pure roling contact. Gears on nonparallel, non-intersecting shafts also have pitch circles, but the rolling-pitch circle concept is not valid. Gear types are

8、determined largely by the disposition of the shafts; in addition, certain types are better suited than others for large speed changes. This means that if a specific disposition of the shafts is required, the type of gear will more or less be fixed. On the other hand, if a required speed change deman

9、ds a certain type, the shaft positions will also be fixed. Spur gears and helical gears. A gear having tooth elements that are straight and parallel to its axis is known as a spur gear. A spur pair can be used to connect parallel shafts only. If an involute spur pinion were made of rubber and twiste

10、d uniformly so that the ends rotated about the axis relative to one another, the elements of the teeth, initially straight and parallel to the axis, would become helices. The pinion then in effect would become a helical gear. Worm and bevel gears. In order to achieve line contact and improve the loa

11、d carrying capacity of the crossed axis helical gears, the gear can be made to curve partially around the pinion, in somewhat the same way that a nut envelops a screw. The result would be a cylindrical worm and gear. Worms are also made in the shape of an hourglass, instead of cylindrical, so that t

12、hey partially envelop the gear. This results in a further increase in load-carrying capacity. Worm gears provide the simplest means of obtaining large ratios in a single pair. They are usually less efficient than parallel-shaft gears, however, because of an additional sliding movement along the teet

13、h. V-belt The rayon and rubber V-belt are widely used for power transmission. Such belts are made in two series: the standard V-belt and the high capacity V-belt. The belts can be used with short center distances and are made endless so that difficulty with splicing devices is avoided. First, cost i

14、s low, and power output may be increased by operating several belts side by side. All belts in the drive should stretch at the same rate in order to keep the load equally divided among them. When one of the belts breaks, the group must usually be replaced. The drive may be inclined at any angle with

15、 tight side either top or bottom. Since belts can operate on relatively small pulleys, large reductions of speed in a single drive are possible. Second，the included angle for the belt groove is usually from 34to 38.The wedging action of the belt in the groove gives a large increase in the tractive f

16、orce developed by the belt. Third，pulley may be made of cast iron, sheet steel, or die-cast metal. Sufficient clearance must be provided at the bottom of the groove to prevent the belt from bottoming as it becomes narrower from wear. Sometimes the larger pulley is not grooved when it is possible to

17、develop the required tractive force by running on the inner surface of the belt. The cost of cutting the grooves is thereby eliminated. Pulleys are on the market that permit an adjustment in the width of the groove. The effective pitch diameter of the pulley is thus varied, and moderate changes in t

18、he speed ratio can be secured. Chain Drives The first chain-driven or “safety” bicycle appeared in 1874, and chains were used for driving the rear wheels on early automobiles. Today, as the result of modern design and production methods, chain drives that are much superior to their prototypes are av

19、ailable, and these have contributed greatly to the development of efficient agricultural machinery, well-drilling equipment, and mining and construction machinery. Since about 1930 chain drives have become increasingly popular, especially for power saws, motorcycle, and escalators etc. There are at

20、least six types of power-transmission chains; three of these will be covered in this article, namely the roller chain, the inverted tooth, or silent chain, and the bead chain. The essential elements in a roller-chain drive are a chain with side plates, pins, bushings (sleeves), and rollers, and two

21、or more sprocket wheels with teeth that look like gear teeth. Roller chains are assembled from pin links and roller links. A pin link consists of two side plates connected by two pins inserted into holes in the side plates. The pins fit tightly into the holes, forming what is known as a press fit. A

22、 roller link consists of two side plates connected by two press-fitted bushings, on which two hardened steel rollers are free to rotate. When assembled, the pins are a free fit in the bushings and rotate slightly, relative to the bushings when the chain goes on and leaves a sprocket. Standard roller

23、 chains are available in single strands or in multiple strands, In the latter type, two or more chains are joined by common pins that keep the rollers in the separate strands in proper alignment. The speed ratio for a single drive should be limited to about 101; the preferred shaft center distance i

24、s from 30 to 35 times the distance between the rollers and chain speeds greater than about 2500 feet (800 meters) per minute are not recommended. Where several parallel shafts are to be driven without slip from a single shaft, roller chains are particularly well suited. An inverted tooth, or silent

25、chain is essentially an assemblage of gear racks, each with two teeth, pivotally connected to form a closed chain with the teeth on the inside, and meshing with conjugate teeth on the sprocket wheels. The links are pin-connected flat steel plates usually having straight-sided teeth with an included

26、angle of 60 degrees. As many links are necessary to transmit the power and are connected side by side. Compared with roller-chain drives, silent-chain drives are quieter, operate successfully at higher speeds, and can transmit more load for the same width. Some automobiles have silent-chain camshaft

27、 drives. Bead chains provide an inexpensive and versatile means for connecting parallel or nonparallel shafts when the speed and power transmitted are low. The sprocket wheels contain hemispherical or conical recesses into which the beads fit. The chains look like key chains and are available in pla

28、in carbon and stainless steel and also in the form of solid plastic beads molded on a cord. Bead chains are used on computers, air conditioners, television tuners, and Venetian blinds. The sprockets may be steel, die-cast zinc or aluminum, or molded nylon. Machine Parts (II) Fastener Fasteners are d

29、evices which permit one part to be joined to a second part and, hence, they are involved in almost all designs. There are three main classifications of fasteners, which are described as follows： (1) Removable. This type permits the parts to be readily disconnected without damaging the fastener. An e

30、xample is the ordinary nut-and-bolt fastener. (2) Semi permanent. For this type, the parts can be disconnected, but some damage usually occurs to the fastener. One such example is a cotter pin. (3) Permanent. When this type of fastener is used, it is intended that the parts will never be disassemble

31、d. Examples are riveted joints and welded joints. The importance of fasteners can be realized when referring to any complex product. In the case of the automobile, there are literally thousands of parts which are fastened together to produce the total product. The failure or loosening of a single fa

32、stener could result in a simple nuisance such as a door rattle or in a serious situation such as a wheel coming off. Such possibilities must be taken into account in the selection of the type of fastener for the specific application. Nuts, bolts, and screws are undoubtedly the most common means of joining materials. Since they are so widely used, it is essential that these fasteners attain maximum effectiveness at the lowest possible cost. Bolts are, in reality, carefully engineered products with a practically infinite use over a wide range of services. An ordinary nut loosens when t