届高考英语二轮专题复习非谓语动词讲义.docx

1、届高考英语二轮专题复习非谓语动词讲义非谓语动词【考纲解读】考生应掌握: 1.非谓语动词的构成、语法功能及用法对比; 2.非谓语动词完成式和被动式的用法及特点; 3.非谓语动词的复合结构及否定形式; 4.不定式与动名词、动名词与现在分词、现在分词与过去分词、分词作状语与独立结构等用法对比; 5.不定式和动名词在及物动词后作宾语的区别; 6.过去分词作定语、不定式和分词作宾语补足语的用法。 【考点纵横】2016年全国卷2015年新课标卷20152016年地方卷目前这么考全国卷(过去分词;动名词) 全国卷(不定式) 全国卷(不定式;现在分词) 新课标卷(过去分词;现在分词) 新课标卷(过去分词;动名

2、词) 2016年四川(不定式) 2016年天津(现在分词) 2016年江苏(过去分词) 2016年北京(不定式;过去分词) 2015年广东(不定式) 2015年陕西(不定式) 2015年四川(动名词;want后跟不定式) 2015年浙江(动名词) 2015年湖南(不定式;现在分词) 2015年江苏(过去分词) 今后怎么考今后高考试题对非谓语动词的考查主要集中在以下几个方面:非谓语动词作定语的区别;动名词和不定式作宾语的用法比较;现在分词和过去分词的用法比较;特定句型中非谓语动词的用法等。对非谓语动词的考查常出现在语法填空和短文改错之中【考题导引】1.(2016全国)But my connect

3、ion with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter(permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. 解析：permitted 这里是动词的过去分词,表被动,作后置定语。 2(2016全国)Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal(crea

4、te)special designs. 解析： to creat 此处是不定式短语表目的,相当于“in order to create”。 3 (2015陕西)Back from his two-year medical service in Africa, Dr.Lee was very happy to see his mother(take) good care of at home. 解析： taken 此处是“see+宾语+宾语补足语”结构,宾语与补语之间是被动关系,故用过去分词作宾补。4 (2016全国)If you find something you love doing ou

5、tside of the office, youll be less likely(bring) your work home. 解析：to bring 此处是固定用法“be likely to do sth”。 5(2014湖南) (understand)your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions. 解析：Understanding 这里是动名词短语充当句子的主语。 【知识网络】非谓语动词【知识梳理】一、非谓语动词的形式

6、及意义非谓语动词主动语态被动语态意义不定式一般式to doto be done不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生进行式to be doing不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生完成式to have doneto have been done不定式的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前现在分词/动名词一般式doingbeing done其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或几乎同时发生完成式having donehaving been done其表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生过去分词done与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成I have a lot of read

7、ing to complete before the end of this term.本学期结束前，我有大量的阅读任务要完成。Charles Babbage is generally considered to have invented the first computer.人们一致认为查尔斯巴贝奇发明了第一台计算机。No harm seems to have been done.似乎并没有造成伤害。Do you mind being interrupted while studying?你介意学习时被打扰吗？Having been ignored for a long time, the

8、 boy sitting at the back felt bored and went out.因长时间被忽视，这个男孩坐在后面感到枯燥就出去了。Given enough time, we are sure to do it well.如果给予我们足够的时间，我们一定能做好。二、非谓语动词的用法(一)非谓语动词作状语的用法1不定式作状语(1)作目的状语不定式作目的状语意为“为了”，可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。如果强调目的性，不定式前也可加in order或so as，但so as to不能用于句首。To pass the college entrance exam, we must wor

9、k hard.为了通过大学入学考试，我们必须努力学习。The bus stopped in order to/so as to pick up passengers.公共汽车停下来以便接载乘客。(2)作结果状语不定式作结果状语常表示令人意外的结果。Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky.汤姆乘出租车去了机场，结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。(3)作原因状语常用于“主语(人)系动词形容词(过去分词)to do”结构中。形容词或过去分词作表语时，后可接不定式作原因状语，用以说明产生这种情绪

10、的原因或所表示的情况，常用于这类结构中的形容词和过去分词有sorry, surprised, disappointed, excited, glad, happy, anxious, delighted, pleased, foolish等。We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.令我们吃惊的是，这座寺庙仍保持着最初的样子。常用于“主语(物)系动词形容词to do”结构中。这类形容词有：easy, difficult, hard, cheap，expensive, fit, comfortabl

11、e, heavy, good, important, impossible, dangerous等，表示主语的特征或性质，不定式和句子主语之间存在被动关系，但常用主动形式表示被动意义。The morning air is so good to breathe that he gets up early every day.早上的空气呼吸起来很清新，因此他每天都起得很早。2分词作状语分词包括现在分词和过去分词，现在分词表示的动作与句子主语之间是主动关系，且含有进行的意义；过去分词表示的动作与句子主语之间是被动关系，且含有完成的意义。(1)作时间状语相当于when, while, before,

12、since, as引导的时间状语从句。Translated into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.When the sentence was translated into English, it was found to have an entirely different order.被译成英语后，我们发现这个句子有了一个完全不同的语序。(2)作原因状语相当于because, since, as引导的原因状语从句。Not understanding this problem

13、, he asked the teacher about it.Because he didnt understand this problem, he asked the teacher about it.因为不理解这个问题，他问了老师。Defeated by his deskmate, he felt discouraged.Because he was defeated by his deskmate, he felt discouraged.由于被同桌打败了，他感到气馁。(3)作条件状语相当于if, unless等引导的条件状语从句。Given another hour, I can

14、also work out this problem.If Im given another hour, I can also work out the problem.如果再给我一个小时，我也能解决这个问题。(4)作结果状语常用现在分词表示自然而然的结果，分词前可接thus。More highways have been built in China, making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.中国又建了很多高速公路，这使人们的出行变得更容易了。(5)作方式或伴随状语表示一个同时发生的次要的(或者

15、伴随的)动作，常用逗号与句子主体部分隔开，相当于并列句。One evening Harry phoned me, asking me to come to his flat as soon as possible.One evening Harry phoned me, and he asked me to come to his flat as soon as possible.一天晚上哈里给我打电话，要求我尽快去他的公寓。(6)作让步状语相当于though, although, even if等引导的让步状语从句。Warned of the danger, he still went sk

16、ating on the thin ice.Though he was warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice.虽然被警告危险，他仍旧在薄冰上滑冰。3独立主格结构作状语独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上名词、形容词、副词、介词短语或非谓语动词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的成分构成逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。独立主格结构可置于主句前、主句后或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开，在句中作状语，相当于一个状语从句。(1)逻辑主语名词/形容词/副词/介词短语/非谓语动词So many chi

17、ldren to support, they both have to work full time.有这么多孩子要养，他们俩不得不全日工作。The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.向导领着路，我们毫不费劲地走出了森林。Jim was listening attentively to the lecture, all his attention fixed upon it.吉姆专心致志地听着讲座，所有注意力都集中在上面了。There being no bus, we had to walk h

18、ome.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。It being Sunday, I didnt need to get up early this morning, so I stayed in bed until 9 am.因为是周日，我不必早起，所以一直睡到早上九点。(2)with/without复合宾语“with/without宾语宾语补足语”结构可以构成独立主格结构，在句中常作伴随状语和原因状语。I couldnt do my homework with all that noise going on.由于噪音不断我做不了作业。It was a pity that the great wr

19、iter died with his works unfinished.真可惜，这位伟大的作家去世时，作品尚未完成。The girl feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.有这么多的名胜可以参观，小女孩很兴奋。(二)非谓语动词作定语的用法1不定式作定语(1)不定式作定语常表示将来的动作。The question to be discussed at the meeting is very important.将在会议上讨论的那个问题非常重要。(2)不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者不定

20、式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后需要加相应的介词。He has no pen to write with.他没有钢笔写字。(3)不定式用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词，且与中心词之间为逻辑上的主动关系。He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。(4)被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有：ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, ex

21、cuse, promise, attempt, way等。The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。2分词作定语(1)及物动词的分词形式作定语作定语的及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词、“being过去分词”、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用现在分词；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表正在进行时，用“being过去分词”；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词。The park was full of people, enjoying

22、themselves in the sunshine.(2015北京高考单选)公园里人山人海，人们在阳光下玩得很快乐。(主动)We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.我们必须对在此讨论的问题保密。(被动、正在进行)The players selected from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game.人们期待着从全国各地挑选出来的运动员能在今年夏季的赛事中给我们带来荣誉。(被动、完成)(2)不及物动词的分词形式作定语作定

23、语的不及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词只表示一个动作已完成，不表被动。falling leaves正在下落的叶子(表正在进行)fallen leaves落叶(表完成)3动名词作定语动名词作定语常用来说明被修饰词的用途或目的。a walking stick拐杖 a reading room阅览室a sleeping car卧铺车(三)非谓语动词作宾语的用法1只能用不定式作宾语的动词下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。decide/determine, learn, want, e

24、xpect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend; offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help。此外，afford, strive, happen, wait, threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。My English teacher promised to lend some books to me.我的英语老师答应借给我一些书。2只能用动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语下列动词或动词短语只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。禁止想

25、象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。consider， suggest/advise， look forward to， excuse/pardon； admit， delay/put off， fancy 想象，设想 ； avoid， miss， keep/keep on， practice； deny， finish， enjoy/appreciate； forbid， imagine， risk； cant help 禁不住 ， mind， allow/permit， escape。此外，下列动词短语也要用动名词作宾语：be used/accustomed to, lead to, devote

26、to, go back to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, cant stand (无法忍受), give up, feel like, insist on, thank .for, apologize for, be busy (in), have difficulty/trouble (in), have a good/wonderful/hard time (in), spend time (in), look forward to。We only missed seeing each other by five

27、 minutes.我们只因差五分钟而未能见面。My mother couldnt help smiling when she heard the good news.听到那好消息，我妈妈情不自禁地笑起来。3既可以接不定式也可以接动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语下列动词或动词短语既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意：后接不定式后接动名词regret to do sth.遗憾要去做某事regret doing sth.后悔做过某事forget to do sth.忘记要去做某事forget doing sth.忘记已做过某事remember to do sth.记得要

28、做某事remember doing sth.记得做过某事mean to do sth.打算做某事mean doing sth.意味着做某事try to do sth.努力/企图做某事try doing sth.试着做某事cant help (to) do sth.不能帮助做某事cant help doing sth.情不自禁地做某事I meant to give you this book today, but I forgot.我本来打算今天给你这本书的，可是我忘了。Missing this train means waiting for another hour.错过这辆火车意味着你得再等

29、一小时。(四)非谓语动词作宾语补足语的用法1不定式作宾语补足语有些动词及动词短语后接不定式作宾补，即“动词/动词短语sb.to do”。常见的这类动词或动词短语有：advise建议allow允许ask询问；要求beg乞求 cause导致 encourage鼓励expect期望 forbid禁止 force强迫intend意欲 invite邀请 order订购persuade说服 prefer喜爱 require需要teach教 remind提醒 tell告诉want想要 warn警告 wish想要wait for等待 depend on依靠 call on号召；要求The doctor war

30、ned him not to eat too much meat.医生警告他不要吃太多的肉。He depends on you to help him with his English.他指望你帮助他学英语。2分词作宾语补足语(1)现在分词作宾语补足语时，表主动、进行。They use computers to keep the traffic running smoothly.他们使用电脑以使交通畅通无阻。(2)过去分词作宾语补足语时，表被动、完成。He tried to get his work recognized in the medical circles.他试图使自己的工作在医学界得到认可。3非谓语动词作感官动词和使役动词的宾补(1)感官动词see, watch, observe, hear, notice等的宾补有以下形式(以see为例)：see sb. do sth.看见某人做了某事I saw him leave a few minutes ago.我看见他几分钟前离开了。see sb. doing sth.看见某人正在做某事The suspect was seen entering the building.有人看见疑犯进入了大楼。see sb./sth. done看见某人/某物被Back from h