从句.docx

1、从句定语从句定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。关系副词有：when, where, why等。关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：Is he th

2、e man who/that wants to see you? 他就是想见你的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）2）Whose用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换），例如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover

3、is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。3）which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。（which / that在句中作宾语）关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代

4、替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1）when, where, why关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于介词+ which结构，因此常常和介词+ which结构交替使用，例如：There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的

5、理由吗？2）that代替关系副词that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和介词+ which引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。状语从句在句子中起状语作用的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句

6、由从属连词引导。状语从句可分为：时间状语从句：When Susan goes to town, she will visit her grandma.苏珊每次进城，总要去看望她奶奶。地点状语从句：I will go where I am needed.哪里需要我，我就到哪里去。方式状语从句：I have changed it as you suggest.我已经按照你的建议作了改变。原因状语从句：Mary didnt go shopping because I advised her not to.玛丽没有去购物，因为我劝她不要去。目的状语从句：They worked hard in orde

7、r that they might succeed.他们努力工作，以便能够获得成功。结果状语从句：Waste must be treated so that it does not become a danger to life.废物必须进行处理，这样它才不会成为危害生命的东西。条件状语从句：If he works hard, he will surely succeed.如果努力工作，他肯定会成功。让步状语从句：Though we are all different, we need never be separate.虽然我们各不相同，但是我们永远也不会分开。比较状语从句：I was ha

8、ppier than I had ever been in my life.这是我一生中最快乐的时光。名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句（Noun Clauses）。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连接词：that, whether, if （不充当从句的任何成分）连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which连接副词：when, wher

9、e, how, why不可省略的连词：1. 介词后的连词2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won.【比较】whether与if均为“是否”的意思。但在下列情况下，whether不能被if取代：1. whether引导主语从句并在句首2. 引导表语从句3. whether从句作介词宾语4. 从句后有or not，例：Whether he will come or not is not clear.大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，

10、用it充当形式主语：It is not important who will go.It is still unknown which team will win the match.主语从句用作主语的从句叫主语从句。(That the earth goes around the sun) is known to all.(How this happened) is not clear to anyone.(Whoever comes) is welcome.(When we shall have our sports meeting) is still a question.(Whether

11、 he will come today) is still unknown.注意：1. 主语从句是特殊疑问句，应该用特殊疑问词加陈述句语序。2. that引导的主语从句放在句首，不可省略that。3. 主语从句常用it作形式主语，真正的主语放在后面，这时that可省略。Its a pity (that) you missed such a good opportunity.Its still a question when we shall buy the new equipment.Its still unknown whether he will come or not.4. It is

12、+ P.P.+ that ; It + Vi + that，It作形式主语。It is said that the president will visit our company.It seems that he has caught a cold.宾语从句一、宾语从句的定义置于动词、介词等词性后面起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序。谓语动词、介词、动词不定式，v.-ing形式后面都能带宾语从句。有些形容词（afraid,sure,glad等）之后也可以带宾语从句。二、宾语从句中的引导词在复合句中作主句的宾语，引导词有：连词：that (that 常可省略), whet

13、her, if代词：who, whose, what, which副词：when, where, how, why 等。三、宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序即：连接代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分。例句如下：1.I dont know what they are looking for.2.Could you tell me when the train will leave?3.Can you imagine what kind of man he is?四、宾语从句的时态1. 主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。例句：The headmaster hopes every

14、thing goes well.2. 主句是过去时态，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。例句：She was sorry that she hadnt finished her work on time.3. 当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。例句：The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.五、宾语从句的特点1. 宾语从句可以作及物动词、介词及形容词的宾语。2. 宾语从句的语序一律用陈述句语序。3. 连接词that引导宾语从句在句中无词义，不充当句子成份，多数情况下可

15、以省略。4. whether和if都可引导宾语从句，但whether后可紧跟or not；whether从句可作介词的宾语。5. 如果从句太长，可以用形式宾语it。表语从句 一、定义：A. 表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。说明主语是什么或者怎么样，由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语。例句：The problem is when we can get a pay rise. 问题是，当我们可以得到加薪。B. 连接表语从句的连接词有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why。例句：He has become what h

16、e wanted to be ten years ago.他已经成为了他10年前想成为的。She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour.她一直在我昨天站的地方站了一个小时。His suggestion is that we should stay calm.他的建议是，我们应该保持冷静。The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.问题是，他什么时候可以到达酒店。二、注意：A. 表语从句一定要用陈述语序。False: The question is when can he arrive

17、 at the hotel.Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.B. 不可以用if，而用whether连接表语从句（as if 例外）；引导宾语从句时可以互换if/whether，位于介词后要用whether；位于句首时要用whether；引导表语从句，主语从句，同位语从句时要用whether。False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching tow

18、ards us.Right: It looked as if he had understood this question.C. 不像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.Right: The question is why he cried yesterday.D. that在表语从句中不可以省掉。表语从句的基本用法表语从句只能置于主句之后，而主句的动词只能是联系动词。名词性从句在be等系动词后作表语时被称为表语从句，例如：The

19、problem is how we can get the things we need. 问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西。(how 在表语从句中充当方式状语)The scissors are not what I need. 这把剪刀不是我所需要的。(what在表语从句中充当宾语)What I told him was that I would find him a good play. 我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。(what在主语从句中作直接宾语，that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分，不能省略)That is what I want to tell you. 那

20、就是我想要对你讲的。(what在表语从句中充当直接宾语)That is why she failed to pass the exam. 那就是她考试不及格的原因。(why在表语从句中充当原因状语)注意：“That is why.”是常用句型，意为“这就是的原因/因此”，其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语，该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结，又如：That is why you see this old woman before you know, Jeanne. 珍妮，这就是现在这个老太婆出现在你面前的原因。(前文提到Jeanne对老妇人显得苍老憔悴深感诧异，说话人对她讲述了

21、其中的原因之后，用这一句来进行概括)。下面是两个与“That is why.”形式相似的结构，它们与“That is why.”结构之间的关系要能够辨析清楚：(1)“That is why.”与“That is the reason why.”同义，只不过从语法结构上讲，“That is the reason why.”中why引导的是个定语从句，将其中的the reason去掉则与“That is why.”结构一样，例如：That is (the reason) why I cannot agree. 这就是我不能同意的理由。(2)“That is because.”句型中从属连词beca

22、use引导的名词性从句在此作表语，这也是个常用句型，意为“这就是为什么/因为”。“That is because.”与“That is why.”之间的不同在于“That is because.”指原因或理由，“That is why.”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果， 例如：He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework. 昨天晚上他没有去看电影，那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。(第一句话说明结果， 第二句话说明原因)He had see

23、n the film before. That is why he did not see it last night. 他以前曾看过那部电影，因此他昨天晚上没有去看。(第一句话说明原因，第二句话说明结果)同位语从句一、同位语从句的定义和特点在主从复合句中作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句一般用that, whether，what, which, who, when, where, why, how 等词引导，常放在fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, wish,promise, answer, evidence, re

24、port, explanation, suggestion, conclusion等抽象名词后面，说明该名词的具体内容。换言之，同位语从句和所修饰的名词在内容上为同一关系，对其内容作进一步说明。例：The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.他们比赛获胜的消息很快传遍了整个学校。析：they had won the game说明The news的全部内容，因此该句为同位语从句。二、正确运用同位语从句的引导词，准确把握同位语从句引导同位语从句的连接词 功能例词从属 连词 只起连接作用，不充当从句中的任

25、何成分。that, whether连接 代词既起连接作用，又在从句中担任成分（主语、宾语、表语或定语）。who, what ，whose, which连接 副词既起连接作用，又在从句中担任成分（状语）。when, where, why, how 复合代词 & 复合副词既起连接作用，又在从句中担任成分（主语、宾语、表语或定语、状语）。 whoever, whatever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however1.如同位语从句意义完整，应用that引导同位语从句。（即that 不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，不可省略）例：The general gave th

26、e order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.将军下达了战士们立即过河的命令。析：the soldiers should cross the river at once是the order的全部内容，且意义完整，因此应用that引导同位语从句。2.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加是否的含义，应用whether引导同位语从句。（if不能引导同位语从句）例：Well discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time.我们将讨论运动会是否会如期举行的

27、问题。析：the sports meeting will be held on time意义不完整，应加是否的含义才能表达the problem的全部内容，因此应用whether引导同位语从句。3.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加什么时候、什么地点、什么方式等含义，应用when, where, how等词引导同位语从句。例1：I have no idea when he will be back.析：he will be back意义不完整，应加什么时候的含义才能表达idea的全部内容，因此应用when引导同位语从句。例2：I have no impression how he went hom

28、e, perhaps by bike.析：he went home意义不完整，应加如何的含义才能表达impression的全部内容，因此应用how引导同位语从句。4.当主句的谓语较短，而同位语从句较长时，同位语从句常后置。如：The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.三、把握同位语从句和定语从句的区别，明确同位语从句和相似从句的界限同位语从句和定语从句相似，都放在某一名词或代词后面，但同位语从句不同于定语从句。同位语从句对名词加以补充说明，是名词全部内容的体现，且名词和同位语从句的引导词均不在从句中作成分；定语从句说明先行词的性质与特征，与先行词是修饰与被修饰的关系，且名词和定语从句的引导词均在从句中作成分。区分时可以在先行词与从句之间加一个系动词be,使之构成一个新句子，如果句子通顺且符合逻辑，则为同位语从句，反之，则为定语从句。如：The report that he was going to resign was false.因为the report was that he was going to resign 句意通顺，所以，that he was going to resign 是同位语从句。