1、小学英语基础知识汇总第一章?名词一、名词可分为:1.专有名词和普通名词 2.可数名词和不可数名词1.专有名词和普通名词1)专有名词:是指特定的人、地方、事物、机构的专有名称。开头的字母必须大写。如:Tom, Martin, Shenzhen, Hong Kong, China, Sunday, October, Chinese等。2)普通名词:是指不属于特定的人名、地名、事物、概念的名词都是普通名词。它分为四类:个体名词、集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词。?个体名词:用来表示单个的人或事物。如:hospital, policeman, house, tree, cat, dog等。?集体名词:用来
2、表示一群人或一些事物的总称。如:family, class, group, people, police, army等。?物质名词:表示无法分为个体的物质。如:water, air, tea, sugar, butter, rice等。?抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质或其他抽象概念。如:happiness, health, life, manners, love等。2.可数名词和不可数名词1)可数名词:一般地说,个体名词和集体名词是可以计数的,所以称之为可数名词,有单数和复数形式。如:a city-two cities?a bird-three birds?a book-ten books可数
3、名词复数形式的构成:规则变化:条件变化读音例词例外一般名词在词尾加s在清辅音后读/s/,浊辅音或元音后读/z/caps, cakes/s/dogs, stars, boys,pens/z/house/haus/houses/hauziz/以字母s,x,sh,ch结尾的名词在词尾加eses读/iz/glass-glasseswatch-watchesbrush-brushesbox-boxesstomachs以字母f或fe结尾的名词把f或fe变为vesves读/vz/shelf-shelveslife-livesknife-knivesleaf-leavsharf-harves而有些以f结尾的词
4、,也只加s读/fs/,如:roof-roofs,belief-beliefs,proof-proofs,handkerchief and scarf变复数时,可用两种形式以辅音加y结尾的名词变y为I再加eses读/z/story-storiesbaby-babiesferry-ferriesparty-parties以元音加y结尾的单词,在y后直接加s读/z/,如:boy-boyskey-leysmonkey, monkeysday, days以辅音+o结尾的有生命的名词词尾加eses读/z/potato-potatoeshero-heroestomato-tomatoes无生命的名词在词尾直
5、接加s读/z/如:radio-radioszoo-zoospiano-pianosphoto-photos以th结尾的名词此谓加s原来发/的th多变为/e/音,后面的s也随之而发/z/音Mouth-mouthsYouth-youthsMath-mathsMonth-months不规则变化:英语里有一部分名词的复试形式是不规则的。a)?改变元音字母,发音也随之发生变化。如:man-men?woman-women?policewoman-policewomen?postman-postmen?policeman-policemen?foot-feet?tooth-teeth?goose-geese
6、注意:man和woman用作定语时,也有单复数变化。如:a man teacher-two men teachers a woman nurse-three women nursesb)有些名词单数和复数相同。如:a sheep-two sheep?a fish-three fish?a deer-two deer?an aircraft-four aircraftc)有些名词通常以复数形式出现,如:scissors(剪刀) trousers(裤子) clothes(衣服) glasses(眼镜) shorts(短裤)d)表示“某国人”的名词单数和复数形式因习惯不同而有不同的形式。这类词通常分
7、为三类。单数和复数相同:如:a Japanese-two Japanese?a Chinese-two Chinese?词尾加s:如:a German-two Germans?an American-two Americans?变man为men:如:an Englishman-two Englishmen?an Frenchwoman-two Frenchwomene)其他形式。如:a child-two children?an ox-three oxen?a mouse-four mice2)不可数名词:物质名词和抽象名词一般是不可数的,所以称之为不可数名词。如:water, milk, o
8、il, soil, ink, bread, juice等。它们通常只有单数形式。但是在具体的情况下也可以用作可数名词。如:food-foods(各种食物)?fruit-fruits(各种水果)tea-teas(各种茶叶)?gas-gases(各种气味)如果需要表示名词的具体数量时,可用以下的短语写:a glass of juice?a piece of paper?a slice of bread?a bottle of oila box of ?a bowl of ?a dish of ?a pair of a kind of ?a kilo of ?a kilogram of ?a bas
9、ket of a bag of ?a full of ?a basin of ?a cup of a packet of ?a lot of ?而有些物质名词和抽象名词的单复数含义不同,如:people(人民/人们) peoples(民族)?water(水) waters(海/潮水)?paper(纸) papers(报纸/试卷/文件)?custom(习惯) customs(海关)?time(时间) times(次数/倍/时代)?brain(头脑) brains(脑力/智力)?arm(胳膊) arms(武器)?snow (雪snows(积雪)?cloth(布) clothes(衣服) 第二章 冠
10、词冠词分为:1.定冠词(the)?2.不定冠词(a, an)一、定冠词(the)的用法:1.特指某(些)人或某(些)事物;(冠词的基本用法)2.用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前;3.用在某些形容词前,表示某一类人;4.用在姓氏复数形式前,表示“全家人”或“夫妇俩”。5.用来表示前面已提到过的人和事;6.指双方都知道的人和事;7.世界上独一无二的事物;8.用在江河、湖海等专有名词前;9.用在序数词和最高级的前面;10.用在乐器前面(球类前不加);11.在单数的可数名词前;I have a book.?The book is interesting.?I see a boy. The boy is
11、Tony.?I like playing the piano. 12.用在某些固定的词组中。如:in the tree, on the tree, in the morning ,in the afternoon, in the evening, in the hat, look the same, go to the cinema, go to the zoo, go to the classroom二、不定冠词(a和an)的用法:不定冠词:不定冠词表示“一个或一”。不定冠词a用于辅音音素开头的单数可数名词前,an用于以元音音素开头的单词可数名词前。泛指某一类人或事物。表示数量有“一”的意思
12、,但语气没有one强烈。如:a book, a pen, a boy, a girl, a worker, an arm, an apple, an orange, an hour, an egg以字母U开头的单词,U的发音为/ju:/时,前面要用冠词a,发元音为音音素的单词,前面要用冠词an。如:a useful book(一本有用的书),a university(一所大学),an umbrella, an hour, an ugly boy, an honest child, an interesting story三、不用冠词的地方:1.?抽象名词、物质名词和单个构成的专有名词(国名、任
13、命等)前一般不用冠词。如:Chocolate is made of cocoa.2.?表示月份、星期、季节的名词前通常不用冠词。如:Sunday is the first day of a week.3.?可数名词的复数形式或不可数名词表示一般意义,而不特指具体的人或事物时,不与冠词连用。如:Women are usually more careful than men. Beef is more expensive than pork. Horses run much faster than sheep.4.?名词前已有this, that, these those, my, your, w
14、hose, some, any, no, each, every等代词时,不用冠词。如:My school is far from here.?Whose are these clothes? What will you do this week?5.?表示球类、棋类、三餐、学科、语言的名词前不用冠词。如:Football is a very popular sport in the world. I like playing chess. He is good at Chinese and English.6.?在表示节日的名词前通常不用冠词。如:The Childrens Day in o
15、n June the first. Chinese New Year is coming soon.注:表示传统节日的名词前需要加冠词。如:The Spring Festival is the most important festival in China.7.?某些短语中不用冠词。如:on foot, by plane, by train, at night, at noon.8.?在有些名词前加定冠词和不定冠词的意思不同。如:in the class(在班上) in the bed(在床里) in class(在课堂上) in bed(卧床) There is no school tom
16、orrow.(明天我们不上学) 第三章 代词英语中的代词可分为:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词等。一、人称代词:人称代词是指表示“你、我、他、她、它你们、我们、他们、它们”的代词。人称代词还有单数和复数之分,见下表:单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称IMeWeus第二人称YouYouYouYou第三人称HeSheItHimHerItTheyThem人称代词的主格做主语,人称代词的宾格作宾语。如:He works in the factory.I work on the farm. He likes her. We love them.二、二、物主代词物主代词是表示“你的,我的,
17、他的,她的,它的,你们的,我们的,他们的,它们的”的代词。物主代词分为:形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。见下表:人称形容词性物主代词+名词名词性物主代词+不加东西单数复数单数复数第一人称myourmineours第二人称youryouryoursyours第三人称hisheritstheirhishersitstheirs三、反身代词:反身代词是指表示“我自己,你自己,他/她/它自己,我们自己,你们自己,他们/她们/它们自己”等的代词。见下表:人称单数复数第一人称myselfourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称himself herself itselfth
18、emselves四、指示代词:指示代词是指表示“这个this,那个that,这些these,那些those”的代词。见下表:数指称单数复数近指thisthese远指thatthose除此之外,在小学阶段出现的指示代词还有so, same, it,等。1.it的用法:打电话时,常用that询问对方是谁,用this介绍自己是谁。It的用法比较多。1)说话人不知道对方是谁可以说:Whos that? Its Li.2)指时间:Whats the time? It is five.3)指天气:Whats the weather like? It is cold.4)指前面提到的事情:Whats is
19、this? It is a book.2.same的用法:same的意思是“一样的,相同的”常与the连用。如:They are in the same class.3.so的用法:so也可以用作指示代词。如:Can you mend the broken clock?Sorry, I dont think so.五 、疑问代词:疑问代词和疑问副词它们都用来引导特殊疑问句。他们都叫做疑问词。疑问代词有who, whose, what, which等。How, when, where他们是疑问副词。1. who是主格,和whom相对应,用于疑问句。如:Whos the girl over the
20、re? Who are they? 2. whose兼有名词和形容词的性质。如:Whose is this pen? Whose pen is this? 3. What内容丰富,即可单独使用,也可和一些名词组成词组使用。如:What are you doing? They are writing poems. What colour is your new dress? Whats your name? 4. which用来指人或物。如:Which one do you like best? Which of you will go with me ?你们那一位愿意和我去?六 、六、不定代词
21、:不定代词:不指明代替任何特定名词的代词。它具有计量作用,表示不同的数量概念。如:some?any?no?every?others?all?both?somebody anyone?nobody?another?each?one?someone?anybody?no one?everybody?much?few?little?something?anything?nothing?everything?many?a few?a little?a lotsome和any表示“一些”。Some通常用于肯定句,any用于否定句和疑问句。如:There are some cups on the tabl
22、e. Have you any stamps?遇到“Would you like?”句型,要用some,如:Would you like some tea?a few少许,少数;few少数,几乎没有用于否定;都用于修饰可数名词 。a little少许,少数;little少数,几乎没有用于否定;都用于修饰不可数名词。much和many的意思是“许多,大量”,much修饰或指代不可数名词,many修饰或指代可数名词。much还可以用在比较级前面。如:She has much water. How many pens do you have?everyone意思是“每个人”。用作主语时,谓语动词要用
23、单数形式。如:Everyone is here today.one指代可数名词,既可以指人,也可以指物;它有复数形式ones和所有格ones。other意思是“别的”、“其他的”。既可以指人,也可以指物,但不确指;用the other表示“两者中的另一个”。Another表示“另外的”。如:Some students like playing basketball, but other students like playing football. Bruce has two son. One is a teacher, the other is an engineer. I dont lik
24、e this pen, Please give me another one.第四章 形容词和副词一 、形容词的基本用法:用来修饰名词,说明事物或人的特征或性质的词。形容词一般放在名词、代词的前面。如:She is a cute girl.1.形容词修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等词时,须放在其后。如:something important.2.表示长、宽、高、深及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词之后。3.else只能作后置定语,修饰疑问代词what, who, whom, whose和不定代词something, anything, not
25、hing, somebody, anybody, nobody等。4.貌似副词的形容词有lovely, friendly, lively等。5.enough跟名词:enough time(名词在enough后)?enough跟形容词:tall enough(形容词在enough前)二 、 副词的基本用法:副词主要修饰动词、形容词、副词或其他结构。一般表示方式、时间、率、方位、程度等。表示方式的如:happily, fast, angrily ;表示时间的如:tonight, now;表示频率的如:often, sometimes, every day;表示方位的如:home, there, h
26、ere;表示程度的如:very, quite等?三 、 形容词、副词的比较级的构成及句型:1.?形容词、副词的比较级和最高级变化规律。1)一般加-er,-est。如:tall-taller-tallest2)以e结尾的加-r,-st。.如:late-later-latest3)以辅音字母加y结尾的,把y变I加-er,-est。如:early-earlier-earliest4)重读闭音节,双写末尾的辅音字母,加-er,-est。如:big-bigger-biggest5)形容词、副词比较级和最高级的不规则变化:?原级比较级最高级good/wellbetterbestbad/badly/illw
27、orseworstmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastoldolder/elderoldest/eldestfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest2.双音节和多音节形容词、副词比较级和最高级的构成。?部分双音节和多音节形容词分别在原级前加more和most构成比较级和最高级。如:important-more important-most important3.形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的常用法。?比较级主要用于两者的比较。即:“形容词、副词比较级+than”这一结构表示:“比更”;any other+名词单数1 )较级常用句型结构。
28、如:?Im taller than you. ?Shanghai is larger than any other city in China. ?Most of people in Shenzhen are getting richer and richer形容词、副词的最高级的常用法:形容词、副词的最高级主要用于三者或三者以上的人和事进行比较。其结构是:the+形容词、副词的最高级(+名词)+表示范围的短语,即:表示“最的”意思2 )最高级常用句型结构。如:?The boy runs fastest in his class. ?China is one of the most beaut
29、iful countries in the world.?Which is the cheapest, a computer, a TV set or a DVD player?第五章 数词数词可分为1.基数词2.序数词数词是用来表示事物的数目或顺序的词,表示“多少”的词叫做基数词;表示“第几”的词叫做序数词。一 、基数词1.?one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten;11-12用心记,13-19-teen结尾,20-90-ty结尾。2.?表示“几十几”(21-99)的基数词是由十位数和个位数之间加连“-”构成。如:26:twenty-s
30、ix.3.?表示“几百几”(101-999),先说“几百”后加“and”再加“末两位数”或“末位数”。其中的“百”用单数形式。如:102:one hundred and two?284:two hundred and eighty-four?1284:one thousand two hundred and eighty-four.(“千”和“百”之间不加“and”)4.?房间号码和电话号码要一个数字一个数字的读。二 、序数词1.序数词的构成1)一般在相应的基数词后加词尾-th,注意下列的特殊变化:one-first ,two-secend,three-third, five-fifth, eight-eighth, nine, ninth, twelve-twelfth2 )以-ty结尾的基数词变序数词时,讲y改为I,再加
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