1、高中英语语法个人复习总结代词代 词 定义: 为了避免重复而用来代替名词的词。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自(反)身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。 一、人称代词是表示我、你、他、她、它、我们、你们、他们的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,见下表: 数 单数 复数 格 主格 宾格 主格 宾格 第一人称 I me we us 第二人称 you you you you he him they them 第三人称 she her they them it it they them 如:He is my
2、 friend. 他是我的朋友。 It is me. 是我。 ? 人称代词的用法: 1、 人称代词主格在句中作主语、宾格在句中作宾语。 如: They are playing football on the playground. Our teacher told us an interesting story. 说明:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中,例如: When he arrived, John went straight to the bank. 约翰一到就直接去银行了。 2、 说话人出于感情用he/she来代替国家、船只、动物等。(拟人)
3、 used to be. she: China is no longer what 如She is a fine ship. Be careful of that dog. He sometimes bites. 3、 we/you/they有时用来代替一般的人 如: They say that Mr. Brown is very rich. 据说布郎先生很有钱。 You/We should keep quiet in the library. 在图书馆应保持安静。 4、人称代词it的特殊用法 代替小孩和婴儿 如: Look at that poor little child. It has
4、just fallen down. 作形式主语或形式宾语 如: It is necessary to buy that dictionary. I consider it important to ask him for advice. 打电话时用于指人 如: Hello. It is Mary. 用作主语指时间、距离、天气等 如: It is five oclock. It is fine today. 用在强调句型中 如: It is Mary who helped you yesterday. It is a dictionary that I received yesterday. ?
5、 人称代词的排列顺序 单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:1) 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 you he/she;it - I You, he and I should return on time. 2) 复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为: 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 we you They 注意: 在下列情况中,第一人称放在前面。 a. 在承认错误,承担责任时, 如:It was I and John that made her angry. 是我和约翰惹她生气了。 b. 在长辈对晚辈,长官对下属说话时,如长官为第一人称, 如:I an 如:I and you try to finish
6、 it. c. 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时, d. 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。 二、物主代词表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种,其人物和数的变化见下表: 数 单数 复数 人称 第一 第二 第三 第一 第二 第三 人称 人称 人称 人称 人称 人称 形容词性 物主代词 my your his/her/its our your their/its 名 词 性 物主代词mine yours his/hers/its ours yours theirs/its 如: I like his car. 我喜欢他的小汽车。 Our scho
7、ol is here,and theirs is there. 我们的学校在这儿,他们的在那儿。 说明:名词性物主代词 = 形容词性物主代词 + 名词 如:The watch is mine(= my watch). 三、 指示代词表示那个、这个、这些、那些等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this,that,these,those等。 如: That is a good idea. 那是个好主意。 1、 this,these表示在时间上或空间上较近的人或物,that, those 表示在时间上或空间上较远的人或物。 如: This is my desk and that is yours. The
8、y are busy preparing for the English test these days. In those days they couldnt go to school. 2、 this常指后面要讲的事物,有启下的作用;that则指前面讲到过的事物,有承上的作用。 如: I want to tell you this: the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon. He hurt his leg yesterday. That is why he didnt come. 3、 为了避免重复,常用that或those
9、代替前面已提到过的名词,其后通常接of短语作定语。 如: The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Nanjing. The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox. 说明1: 指示代词this/that在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他句 子成分时只能指物,不能指人,例如: (对)That is my teacher. 那是我的老师。( that作主语,指人) (对)He is going to marry this girl. 他要和这个姑娘结婚。 (this作限定词) (this作限
10、定词) (错)He is going to marry this. (this作宾语时不能指人) (对)I bought this. 我买这个。 (this指物,可作宾语) 说明2: That和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和 these不能,同时,在作先行词时,只有those可指人,试比较: (对) He admired that which looked beautiful. 他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。 (对) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人) (错) He admired that who d
11、anced well. (that作宾语时不能指人) (对) He admired those who danced well. 他赞赏跳舞好的人。(those指人) (对) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。(those指物) 四、 表示尠我自己、你自己、他自己、我们自己、你们自己和他们自己等的代词,叫做自身代词,也称为反身代词。 如: She was talking to herself. 她自言自语。 ? 反身代词的用法: 1、 反身代词可以在句中作宾语,含有“自己”的意思,但在汉语中有时不一定要把“自己”译出来。
12、 如: He can look after himself.他能照顾他自己。 They enjoyed themselves at Disneyland. 他们在迪斯尼乐园玩得很开心。 2、 反身代词可以在句中作同位语,起强调作用,置于名词、代词的后面或句末,表示“自己”、 “亲自”的意思。 如: I myself did all the work. She opened the door herself. 3、 反身代词还可以构成某些惯用语 如: (all) by oneself 独自地;一人地 of oneself 自动地,自然而然地 五、 表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词,有each oth
13、er(指两者之间) 和one another(指三者或三者以上之间)两组,但在运用中,这两组词没什么区别。 如: They love each other. 他们彼此相爱。 The three men distrusted one another.这三个人互不信任。 六、 疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句) 如: Tell me who he is. 告诉我他是谁。 1) 用来构成疑问句。 指 人: who, whom, whose 指 物: what 既可指人又可
14、指物: which 2) which 和 what 所指的范围不同:what所指的范围是无限 的,的,而which则指在一定的范围内,例如: eg:Which teachers do you like best? 你喜欢哪几个老师? eg: What teachers do you like best? 你喜欢什么样的老师? 3) what一般用来指物,指人时通常用来询问职业或身份;而 who多用来询问姓名或血缘关系等。 eg: -What is he? -He is a lawyer. -Who is he? -He is Tom/my father. 七、 关系代词有who,whom,wh
15、ose,that,which,as等,可用作引导定语从句的关联词。它们代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(通称为先行词)。 如: He is the man whom you have been looking for. 他就是你要找的那个人。 八、 没有明确指定代替任何特定名词或形容词的词叫做不定代词,常用的不定代词如下: all, any, another, both, each, every, either, every, few, little, many, much, no, none, neither, one, other, some以及由 some, any, no,
16、every 和 body, one, thing 构成的复合词。 1、 some和any的用法 一般用法 some, any(一些)可与复数可数名词或不可数名词连用。some一般用于肯定句,any一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中。 Chinese paintings. someHe has Some like sports, others like music. Ask me if you have any questions. Do you have any questions to ask me? I dont know any of the students. 特殊用法 some用在单数
17、可数名词前,表示某一 You will be sorry for this some day. 总有一天,你会后悔这件事的。 some用在表示请求或邀请的问句中,表示期望对方作出肯定回答,如: Would you like some bananas? Could you lend me some money? any用于肯定句表示任何的意思 You may take any of them. Any child can do that. some, any在句中还可作状语,此时它们为副词。some意为大约,相当于“about”,而any则表示程度,意为稍微、丝毫。 There are some
18、 3,000 workers working in the factory. Do you feel any better today? 2、many, much many,much都意为许多, many + 可数名词,much + 不 可数名词。可数名词 How many people are there at the meeting? time has we left? How much Many of the workers were at the meeting. Much of the time was spent on learning. 3、few, little, a few,
19、 a little (a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词 a few / a little 为肯定含义,还有一点 few / little 为否定含义,没有多少了。 他有几个朋友。 He has a few friends. 他几乎没有朋友。few friends. He has 我们还有点时间。We still have a little time. 几乎没剩下什么时间了。There is little time left.he spends_ on clothes. ,典型例题:Although he s wealthy D. a few B. few A.
20、 little C. a little 所指的是钱,不可数,只能用little或 答案: A. spend引导的让步状语从句,由句意知本句为althougha little. 表示几乎不。little后句为否定含义,因此应用 both, either, neither, all, any, none4、 1) both (两者都),either (两者中任何一个), neither (两 者都者都不)。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。 Neither of the two boys is clever.两个男孩都不聪明。 Both of the two boys are clever. 两个男孩都
21、很聪明。 Either of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。 There are flowers on both sides of the street. (两岸) There are flowers on either side of the street. (岸的两边) 路边长满了野花。 2) all (所有的,全部的人或物),any (任何一个), none (都不 不)。 以上词使用范围为三者以上。 All the flowers are gone. 所有的花都谢了。 I dont like any of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。
22、 I like none of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。 注意:all与none用法一样。跟单数名词,用单数动词;跟复数名词数名词,用复数动词。 All/ None of the students are there. 所有的学生都在那。 All (of) the milk is there. 所有的牛奶都在那。 5no,nothing,none 三个词都表示“没有”,no = not a/any,用来修饰可数名词或不可数名词,通常作定语。nothing表示“没有什么(东西)”,前后没有任何范围限定。none能代表人和物,它总是用在一定范围内,代替上下文已经出现过的名词,经常与of连用。代替不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数;代替可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数。 I have no(= not any) sisters. Nothing can stop me doing that. -What have you bought? -Nothing. -Have you bought any clothes? -None. the girls in our class like football. of None
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