高考英语总复习专题攻略之阅读理解 解题技巧之细节理解.docx

1、高考英语总复习专题攻略之阅读理解 解题技巧之细节理解高考英语阅读理解解题技巧之细节理解在2008年高考阅读理解中，对细节理解类题型的考查同往年一样，依然占了较大的比例，全国及各省、市均有对此题型的考察，无一例外。细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。它们大都是根据文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则需要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。常见的命题方式通常有：1.特殊疑问句形式。以when, where, what, which, who, how much/ma

2、ny等疑问词开头引出的问题；2. 以是非题的形式。true /false, not true / false或EXCEPT；3. 以According to 开头提问方式；4. 以填空题的形式，如：（1）To avoid attracting mountain lions, people are advised. （2）By the first sentence of the passage author means that.（3）It seems that now a countrys economy depends much on.（4）If you are interested in

3、knowing about what peoples life will be, you may visit. （5）The policemen were told “to look the other way” (the underlined part in Paragraph 2) so that . （6）The policeman who said “Good evening” to Rolls wanted to.5. 就文中数字、排序、识图等提问。做细节理解题时，大多数学生易出现的问题是阅读速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速阅读技巧，考生要培养自己快速获取信息的能力。解答此类试题时，不必通篇

4、细看原文，而常常可采取 “带着问题找答案”的方法先从问题中抓住关键性词语。然后以此为线索。要快速地辨认和记忆事实或细节，就要恰当地运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句仔细品味，对照比较确定答案。除了运用扫读法(scanning)外，还可以兼用排除法将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。了解细节题干扰选项的特点也有助于考生提高答题的正确率。一般情况下，干扰项有如下几个特点：（1）是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容；（2）符合常识，但不是文章内容；（3）与原文的内容极其相似，只是在程度上有些变动；（4）在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反；（5）部分正确，部分错误。有的细

5、节理解题只要直接辨认不要求读者对客观的事实作出解释或判断，只要求从阅读材料中直接获取信息。同时还要求读者记住重要细节，在必要的时候（做判断、推断或结论的时候）能够准确而迅速地将他们回忆起来。解此类题要求考生快速抓住原文中的关键信息，直接得出答案，但要注意往往答案与原文中的语句并非一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思。有的细节理解题就需要通过有关词语和句子的转换。利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系列加工、整理，方能做出正确的判断此类试题在高考中占大多数。值得一提的是，有时原文中的信息可能只是一个短语，甚至一个单词，因此需要我

6、们在阅读中特别仔细才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。细节理解题大致有如下几种常考题型：1描写类细节题描写类细节题，常常考察考生对文中有关人物动作、思想感情、心理活动、观点，或事件的起因、发展、过程、结果等方面的理解。这类描写信息往往较直接，一般不太需要考生对它们进行较深入的理解，对于该类题，考生一般都可以较直接地从原文中找到与题目对应的有关信息。例题You either have it, or you donta sense of direction, that is. But why is it that some people could find their way across the Sah

7、ara without a map, while others can lose themselves in the next street?Scientists say were all born with a sense of direction, but it is not properly understood how it works. One theory is that people with a good sense of direction have simply worked harder at developing it. Research being carried o

8、ut at Liverpool University supports this idea and suggests that if we dont use is, we lose it.“Children as young as seven have the ability to find their way around,” says Jim Martland, Research Director of the project. “However, if they are not allowed out alone or are taken everywhere by car, they

9、never develop the skills.”Jim Martland also emphasizes that young people should be taught certain skills to improve their sense of direction. He makes the following suggestions:If you are using a map, turn it so it relates to the way you are facing.If you leave your bike in a strange place, put it n

10、ear something like a big stone or a tree. Note landmarks on the route as you go away from your bike. When you return, go back along the same route.Simplify the way of finding your direction by using lines such as streets in a town, streams, or walls in the countryside to guide you. Count your steps

11、so that you know how far you have gone and note any landmarks such as tower blocks or hills which can help to find out where you are.Now you need never get lost again!65. Scientists believe that_.A. some babies are born with a sense of direction.B. people learn a sense of direction as they grow olde

12、rC. people never lose their sense of directionD. everybody possesses a sense of direction from birth66. What is true of seven-year-old children according to the passage?A. They never have a sense of direction without mapsB. They should never be allowed out alone if they lack a sense of directionC. T

13、hey have a sense of direction and can find their way aroundD. They can develop a good sense of direction if they are driven around in a car.68. According to the passage, the best way to find your way around is to _.A. ask policemen for directions.B. use walls, streams, and streets to guide yourselfC

14、. remember your route by looking out for steps and stairsD. count the number of landmarks that you see【答案与解析】65.选D。根据第二段首句可知：科学家认为我们生来就有方向感。66.选C。根据第三段首句可知，七岁大的小孩就具备了辨别方向的能力。68.选B。根据Jim Martland所给的第三条建议中的“ by using lines such as streets in a town, streams, or walls in the countryside to guide you.”即

15、可得出答案。2数据计算题此类试题一般要求考生能根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据，找出计算关系，通过计算，得出正确的结论。这类计算一般来说比较简单，关键是要弄清各数据间的逻辑关系，选准比较的数据，弄清单位换算关系，确定计算方法，问题便迎刃而解了。对于数据较多、项目复杂用时间或空间跨度较大的短文，通常可采用“列表法”，即按一定的规律将数据分门别类地列出，化模糊为清晰，为计算打下基础。对于相对不太复杂的数据，可采用“推算法”，即以有关数据为基准，进行简单的运算就可得出。例题Tuition Fees (学费)Tuition fees are different from department to dep

16、artment, generally from $5,000 to $6,000 a year. For further information: tui waikatoacnz. Accommodation (住宿)You can have a room in a 4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information: acc waikatoacnz69. Y

17、ou have to pay at least _ a year if you study at the University of Waikato.A. $5,250 B. $8,000 C. $9,000 D. $11,000【答案与解析】选B。本篇是介绍新西兰Waikato大学的广告。从Tuition Fees (学费)：Tuition fees are different from department to departmentgenerally from$5，000 to$6，000 a year. For further information：tui waikato.ac.nz

18、 . Accommodation(住宿)：You can have a room in a4- bedroom fiat, which will cost about$100 a month with other regular living costs of about$150 a month for one person. For further information：acc waikatoacnz可知答案为B。$5000(学费)+$100(住宿费)x12(months)+$150(生活费)x12=$80003排序题这种试题要求考生根据事情发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件的正

19、确顺序。做此类试题时可采用“首尾法定位法”，即找出事件发展的首与尾，迅速缩小范围，从而快速选出正确选项。或直接逐一用排除法按顺序排除，得出正确选项。例题People can use a home computer to make their shopping lists. Once at the store, a shopper can use a preferred customer card to start a system (系统) that will organize the trip around the store. If youre looking for toothpicks

20、, you type in the word or pick it from a list, and a map will appear on the screen showing where you are and where you can find them.54. Which of the following is the correct order of shopping with the computerized shopping carts?a. Start the system. b. Make a shopping list.c. Find the things you wa

21、nt. d. Go to a self-checkout stand.A. abdc B. bacd C. acbd D. bcad4信息寻找题、广告阅读题信息寻找题一般在应用文体中较常见，体现于查字典、阅读广告、公告、演出海报、车船航班时间表等之中。这类阅读材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面，能满足各种人对信息的需求，但在高考试题中，常常是就某一方面提问，考生完全没有必要从头到尾仔细阅读，因为材料中有很多冗余无效信息。做此类题时，宜采用“题干定全法”。即：先阅读题干，然后根据问题要求，有针对性地阅读相关部分快速寻找有效信息。广告是阅读理解题常考的一种题材。广告属应用文体。严格来说广告属快速寻找

22、信息题。但是广告有着其他快速寻找信息题不同的特点。广告文体简洁明快，省略了大量的词语，达到了篇幅小、信息多的目的。同时具有语言精练，形象性、鼓动性强的良好效果。广告阅读题多为细节理解题，关键在于正确理解广告内容。考生必须具备较强的语言运用能力，熟悉文化背景，利用各种手段（如：补全、联想、推测等）正确解读广告的内容。通常运用“补全成分法”和“联想推测法”两种方法来解读广告的内容。做题方法同样采用“题干定向法”。（1）补全成分法省略名在广告体阅读材料中大量出现，可以说广告阅读理解材料中大多数句子都是省略句。我们应结合全文语境及逻辑关系将省略句补全，从而更加准确地理解。如：Driver wanted

23、. 根据文义，可将该句补充为：A driver will be wanted. (招聘一名司机)。（2）联想推测法在些广告时间、日期、地点、电话、票价等用了缩略词，甚至一概没有提及，这就需要考生前后连贯，充分想象，整体理解。搜寻已知信息，推断语篇意义。为节省篇幅，特别是在商业广告中，常使用缩写词，尽管有些缩写不太规范，但却常用，常见的缩写词有：Tel. =telephone number Ph. =phone Add (r). =address co. =company Ltd=LimitedMax=maximum Min=minimumhr=hour t=timefig=figure ft=

24、foot ml=mile doz=dozenMt=Mountain P=pageprof. =professor Dr. =doctors=south n=north w=west Sta=Station pop=popular vs=versusXmas=Christmas info=information VIP=very important persons hrs=hoursaft=after ad=advertisement p/t=part time exp=experienced PC=personal computer MA=Master of ArtsBS degree=bac

25、helors degree (学士学位)例题 Welcome to Adventureland!Everyone loves Adventureland! The Parks and Exhibitions were built for you to explore (探索) , enjoy, and admire their wonders. Every visit will be an unforgettable experience. You will go away enriched, longing to come back. What are you going to do thi

26、s time?The Travel PavilionExplore places you have never been to before, and experience different ways of life.Visit the Amazon jungle village, the Turkish market, the Tai floating market, the Berber mountain house and others. Talk to the people there who will tell you about their lives, and things t

27、hey make. You can try making a carpet, making nets, fishing The Future TowerThis exhibition shows how progress will touch our lives. It allows us to look into the future and explore the cities of the next century and the way well be living then. Spend some time in our space station climb into our si

28、mulator (模拟装置) for the Journey to Mars!The Nature ParkThis is not really one park but several.In the Safari Park you can drive among African animals in one of our Range Cruisers; see lions, giraffes, elephants in the wild. Move on to the Ocean Park to watch the dolphins and whales. And then there is

29、 still the Aviary to seeThe PyramidThis is the center of Adventureland. Run out of film, need some postcards and stamps? For all these things and many more, visit our underground shopping centre. Come here for information and ideas too.63. The Travel Pavilion is built to help visitors _.A. realize t

30、he importance of travelingB. become familiar with mountain countriesC. learn how to make things such as fishing netsD. learn something about different places in the world64. If you are interested in knowing about what peoples life will be, you may visit _.A. the Travel Pavilion B. the Future TowerC.

31、 the Safari Park D. the Pyramid65. If you want to get a toy lion to take home, where will you most likely go?A. The Pyramid B. The Nature Park. C. The Future Tower D. The Travel Pavilion5. 图文转换题此类试题要求根据短文中的描写找出相应的图形，或根据图形选出相应的文字。可采用“文字锁定法”，即找出描述图形的句段，按“文”锁“图”，迅速锁定相关图形，或用“图形标示法”，在图形中标出相应的内容，以便做题。例题Th

32、e Home of My PeopleWhen Lewis and Clark stepped onto the Weippe Prairie in present-day Idaho in September 1808, they met the Nez Perce Indians. In the following years, the white explorers（探险者）began to fight with the Indians for their land. Some Nez Perce chiefs signed agreements with the U.S. government, selling part of their lands. But the government always bro