牛津同义理工A.docx

1、牛津同义理工AInventor of LEDWhen Nick Holonyak set out to create a new kind of visible lighting using semiconductor alloys,his colleagues thought he was unrealistic. Today, his discovery of light-emitting diodes, or LEDs,are used in everything from DVDs to alarm clocks to airports. Dozens of his students

2、have continued his work, developing lighting used in traffic lights and other everyday technology.On April 23, 2004,Holonyak received the$500,000 Lemelson-MIT Prize at a ceremony in Washington.This marks the 10th year that the Lemelson-MIT Program at the MassachGsetts Institute of Technology ( MIT)h

3、as given the award to prominent inventors.Anytime you get an award,big or little, its always a surprise. Holonyak said.Holonyak, 75, was a student of John Bardeen, an inventor of the transistor, in the early 1950s. After graduate school, Holonyak worked at Bell Labs.He later went to General Electric

4、,where he invented a switch now widely used in house dimmer switches.Later, Holonyak started looking into how semiconductors could be used to generate light.But while his colleagues were looking at how to generate invisible light, he wanted to generate visible light.The LEDs he invented in 1962 now

5、last about 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, and are more environmentally friendly and cost effective.Holonyak, now a professor of electrical and computer engineering and physics at the University of Illinois, said he suspected that LEDs would become as commonplace as they are today, but didn

6、t realize how many uses they would have.You dont know in the beginning.You think youre doing something important, you think its worth doing, but you really cant tell what the big payoff is going to be, and when, and how.You just dont know. he said.The Lemelson-MIT Program also recognized Edith Flani

7、gen, 75 , with the$ 100,000 LemelsonMIT Lifetime Achievement Award for her work on a new generation of molecular sieves,that can separate molecules by size.LED的发明者当Nick Holonyak着手用半导体合金制造一种新的可视照明设备的时候，同事们都认为他不现实。今天，他发明的发光二极管，或叫LED，使用范围覆盖了从DVD到机场警钟的一切东西。他的许多学生继续着他的工作，发明了交通灯中使用的照明设备和其他的日用技术。2004年4月23号

8、，Holonyak在华盛顿的一次典礼上接受了麻省理工学院Lemelson项目的50万美元奖金。这是麻省理工学院Lemelson-MIT项目第十年颁奖给杰出的发明人。“任何时候你得了奖，不论大小，总是一份惊喜。”Holonyak说。Holonyak，75岁，是上世纪50年代初期晶体管的发明者John Bardeen的学生。从研究生院毕业之后，Holonyak在贝尔实验室工作。之后去了通用电器公司，在那里他发明了一种开关，现在被普遍用于家用减光开关中。后来，Holonyak开始研究如何应用半导体发电。当他的同事们正在研究如何发出看不见的光时，他却想要研究看得见的光。他在1962年发明的LED，与白

9、炽灯泡相比，寿命长十倍，对环境无污染，耗能少。Holonyak现在是伊利诺斯大学电子、计算机工程和物理专业的教授，他说他预料到LED的使用有可能像今天这样普遍，但没有意识到它会有多少用途。“开始的时候，你认为你在做一件很重要的事情，你认为它值得做，但是你说不出要付出多大的代价，什么时候付出，怎样付出。”他说。Lemelson-MIT项目同样授予75岁的Edith Flanigen 10万美元的终身成就奖，她的成就是制造了新一代的“分子筛”，也就是可以通过大小来分离分子。El NinoWhile some forecasting methods had limited success predi

10、cting the 1997 El Nino a few months in advance1, the Columbia University researchers say their method can predict large El Nino events up to two years in advance. That would be good news for governments, farmers and others seeking to plan for the droughts and heavy rainfall that El Nino can produce

11、in various parts of the world.Using a computer, the researchers matched sea-surface temperatures to later El Nino occurrences between 1980 and 2000 and were then able to anticipate El Nino events dating back to 1857, using prior sea-surface temperatures. The results were reported in the latest issue

12、 of the journal Nature.The researchers say their method is not perfect, but Bryan C. Weare, a meteorologist at the University of California. Davis, who was not involved in the work, said it “suggests2 El Nino is indeed predictable.”“This will probably convince others to search around more for even b

13、etter methods,” said Weare. He added that the new method “makes it possible to predict El Nino at long lead times3.” Other models also use sea-surface temperatures, but they have not looked as far back because they need other data, which is only available for recent decades, Weare said.The ability t

14、o predict the warming and cooling of the Pacific is of immense importance4. The 1997 El Nino, for example, caused an estimated $20 billion in damage worldwide, offset by beneficial effects in other areas, said David Anderson, of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts in Reading, Engl

15、and. The 1877 El Nino, meanwhile, coincided with a failure of the Indian monsoon and a famine that killed perhaps 40 million in India and China, prompting the development of seasonal forecasting, Anderson said.When El Nino hit in 1991 and 1997, 200 million people were affected by flooding in China a

16、lone, according to a 2002 United Nations report.While predicting smaller El Nino events remains tricky, the ability to predict larger ones should be increased to at least a year if the new method is confirmed.El Nino tends to develop between April and June and reaches its peak between December and F

17、ebruary. The warming tends to last between 9 and 12 months and occurs every two to seven years.The new forecasting method does not predict any major El Nino events in the next two years, although a weak warming toward the end of this year is possible.厄尔尼诺当某些预报方法不能提前几个月成功预测 1997年厄尔尼诺现象的时候，哥伦比亚大学的研究人员

18、说他们的方法可以提前两年预测厄尔尼诺现象。这对全世界各地的政府、农民和其他寻求为厄尔尼诺带来的干旱和大雨做准备的人来说是一条好消息。研究人员使用计算机把 1980年初 2000年之间的海面温度和后来的厄尔尼诺的发生联系起来，进而能够用之前的海面温度预测远至 1857年的厄尔尼诺现象。研究结果刊登在昀新的自然杂志上。研究人员说他们的方法并不完美，但加利福尼亚大学的气象学家 Bryan C.Weare说这种方法显示出厄尔尼诺是可以预测的，尽管他们已并没有参加研究工作。Weare说:“这会促使其他人去寻找里好的办法。”他还补充说，新的方法“使在提前很长的一段时间里预测厄尔尼诺现象成为可能。 ”其他的

19、方法也使用海面温度，但他们没能回顾得那么久远是因为缺少其他的资料，而这些资料在近几十年才能够获得。预测太平洋的升温和降温有极其重要的意义。英国 Reading的欧洲中级天气预报中心的 David Anderson说:以 1997年的厄尔尼诺为例，它导致了全球范围内约 200亿美元的损失，抵消了在其他一些地区的良性影响； 1877年的厄尔尼诺与印度遭受的季风和饥荒同时发生，导致了印度和中国约四千万人丧生，结果剌激了季节性预报的发展。根据 2002年的联合国报道， 1991年初和 1997年厄尔尼诺爆发的时候，仅中国就有 2亿人受到洪水的侵害。 然而小的厄尔尼诺预测还是难以捉摸的，如果新的方法被认

20、可的话，对大型厄尔尼诺现象的预测至少应该被提前一年。厄尔尼诺总是在 4月和 6月期间发展，在 12月初 2月之间达到高峰。气候总是在 9月初 12月之间变暖，并且每 2年到 7年出现一次。尽管气温在年底的时候有可能微弱上升，新的预测方法预计未来两年不会出现大的厄尔尼诺现象。SmokingSince 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicate

21、s that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy1.Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of

22、 cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body. Male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke s

23、o deeply.Apart from statistics, it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobacco does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash and other solids. There is also nicotine, which is powerful poison, and black tar. As smoke is breathed in, all those

24、components form deposits on the membranes of the lungs. One point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides. Most lung cancer begins at this point.Filters and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only slightly reduce, not eliminate the haza

25、rds.抽烟自 1939年以来，人们进行了无数次研究，以确定抽烟是否危害健康，证据的趋向是一致的，显示出抽烟对健康有严重危害。研究组进行的研究确凿无疑地表明抽烟与人的预期寿命的缩短有关。这个领域的大部分研究人员部认为抽烟是肺癌和喉癌产生的重要原因，并且和人体其他某些器官的癌症有关。抽烟的男性因心脏病而死亡的机率高于不抽烟的男性。女性吸烟者被认为受的影响较小，因为她们不深吸烟。除了统计之外，看一看吸烟对人体的影响也可能会有帮助。烟是各种气体、蒸发的化学物质、微小的灰和其他固体颗粒的混合物。里面还有很强的毒素尼古丁和黑焦油。当烟被吸入时，所有这些成分形成肺膜上的沉淀物，其集中的一点是气管和支气管分

26、叉的地方。大部分肺癌开始于这一点。过滤嘴和焦油含量低的烟草被宣称使抽烟在某种程度上安全一些，但是它们只能稍微降低而不是消除危害。Engineering EthicsEngineering ethics is attracting increasing interest in engineering universities throughout the nation. At Texas A&M University, evidence of this interest in professional ethics culminated in the creation of a new cour

27、se in engineering ethics, as well as a project funded by1 the National Science Foundation to develop material for introducing ethical issues into required undergraduate engineering courses. A small group of faculty and administrators actively supported the growing effort at Texas A&M, yet this group

28、 must now expand to meet the needs of increasing numbers of students wishing to learn2 more about the value implications of their actions as professional engineers.The increasing concern for the value dimension3 of engineering is, at least in part, a result of the attention that the media has given

29、to cases such as the Challenger disaster, the Kansas City Hyatt-Regency Hotel walkways collapse, and the Exxon oil spill. As a response to this concern, a new discipline, engineering ethics, is emerging. This discipline will doubtles4 take its place5 alongside such well-established fields as medical

30、 ethics, business ethics, and legal ethics.The problem presented by this development is that most engineering professors are not prepared to introduce literature in engineering ethics into their classrooms. They are most comfortable with quantitative concepts6 and often do not believe they are quali

31、fied to lead class discussions on ethics. Many engineering faculty members do not think that they have the time in an already overcrowded syllabus to introduce discussions on professional ethics, or the time in their own schedules to prepare the necessary material. Hopefully, the resources presented

32、 herein will be of assistance.工程道德工程道德在全美的工程类院校里愈来愈受到关注。在得克萨斯州的 A&.M大学，随着工程道德这门新课的开设以及由全美科学基金会提供基金，旨在为大学工程类必修课程提供道德问题方面的材料的项目的启动，人们对职业道德的关注达到了顶峰，一个由教师和管理人员组成的小组对得克萨斯州 A&M大学的不懈努力予以了积极的支持，但是由于越来越多的学生希望能够更加了解作为职业工程人员自己的行为的价值含义，为了满足这些需求，目前该小组必须发展壮大。人们之所以对工程价值尺度愈发关注，至少部分原因是由于媒体对挑战者号灾难、堪萨斯城 Hyatt-Regency旅馆通道的坍塌以及 Exxon石油泄漏等事件的关注所引起的，为了响应人们的关注，一个新的学科工程道德应运而生。同医学道德、商业道德和法律道德这些已经确立的学科一样，该学科无疑也将确立起自己的地位。开发这一新学科所面临的问题是，大部分工程教授不愿意将工程道德方面的资料引进课堂，他们满足于使用以数字表达的概念，不相信自己有资格就工程道德问题在课堂上展开讨论，许多工程类教授认为课程安排紧张，没有时间在课堂上就职业道德问题进行讨论，或者觉得自己没有时间去准备必要的材料。希望这里提供的资料会有所帮助。Rescue PlatformIn the aftermath