高考英语语法专攻《定语从句》考点归纳+针对性练习.docx

1、高考英语语法专攻定语从句考点归纳+针对性练习高中英语语法专攻-定语从句类别作用形式关系代词/副词例句限制性定语从句修饰先行词，是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉后主句意思不明确紧跟于先行词后，无逗号关系代词：that/who/whom/which/whose关系副词：when/where/why有些情况下可省She is the gril who wanted to see you.她就是那个想见你的女孩非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词，也可修饰一个句子，是对先行词/句子的附加说明，去掉不会影响主句意思用逗号与其修饰的句子/词隔开不可用that引导，且不可省略The football team was

2、 relegated to a lower group,which was unexpected.球队降级了，真是出乎意料【考点1-关系代词与关系副词】限定性定语从句中的关系代词指代对象作主语作宾语作定语人Who/thatWhom/that（可省略）whose物Which/thatWhich/that（可省略）whose人/物thatthatwhose非限制性定语从句中的关系代词指代对象作主语作宾语作定语人whowhomWhose/of whom物whichwhichWhose/of which关系副词用法/特殊情况例句When(during/on/in/at which)主要用于修饰表时间的

3、名词，在从句中充当时间状语time作先行词，如作“次数”讲，用that引导或省去引导词；如作“时间”讲，则可用that/when引导There comes a time when you have to make a choice.你必须做出抉择的时候到了The first time(that)I entered the college was in 1998.我第一次进入这所学院是在1998年Where(in/on/at/to which)主要用于修饰表示地点的名词，在定语从句中作地点状语This is the village where he was born.这就是他出生的村子Why(f

4、or which)主用于修饰表原因的名词（主要是the reason），在定语从句中充当原因状语We didnt know the reason why he didnt show up.我们不知道他为何没来1.who指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。There might be people who will cycle just to get a free meal.可能有些人会骑车,就是为了得到那份免费餐。2.whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语,常可省略。Do you know the boy(whom) we met at the gate?你认识我们在门口碰到的那个男孩吗?3.which

5、 指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。The exact year(which/that) Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.安杰拉和她的家人在中国共同度过的确切年份是2008年。4.that 指人时,相当于who 或whom;指物时,相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。She is the pop star(that) I want to see very much.她就是那位我非常想见的明星。Among the many dangers(which/that) sailors

6、 have to face,probably the greatest of all is fog.在海员们要面对的许多危险中,最严重的可能就是雾。5.whose可指人或物,修饰名词或代词,在定语从句中充当定语。“whose+名词”可改为“the+名词+of which/whom”或“of which/whom the+名词”。The books on the desk,whose covers are shiny,are prizes for us.桌子上的这些书是给我们的奖品,它们的封面很亮。His presence meant that I had an unexpected teach

7、ing assistant in class whose activity would infect(感染) other students.他在场意味着在课堂上我有一位意想不到的助教,他的活动将感染其他学生。The house whose windows are very large is my uncles.=The house of which the windows are very large is my uncles.那个窗子非常大的房子是我叔叔的。6.as可指人也可指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。(1)引导限制性定语从句,先行词前常有as,the same,so,such修饰

8、,且在从句中作主语、宾语或表语时,关系代词要用as。It was so difficult a problem as nobody in my class could work out.(as作work out的宾语)这个问题很难以至于我们班里没有人能解出来。注意:so/such.that结构中,that引导结果状语从句,只起连接作用,不充当从句的任何成分。It was so difficult a problem that nobody in my class could work it out.(work out 已经有宾语,that只起连接作用)(2)as可以引导非限制性定语从句,代指整

9、个主句的内容,从句中常用的谓语动词为see,say,hear,expect,know,report等,常译为“正如,正像”,其引导的从句可以放在主句前面也可以放在主句后面。Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people,just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do.许多美洲印第安人都很重视沉默,认为它是人与人之间进行交流的一个基本组成部分,就像一些传统的中国人和泰国人认为的一样。7.when指时间

10、,在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表示时间的名词time,day,week,year,month等,常用on which,in which,at which,during which等代替。As the smallest child of his family,Alex is always longing for the time when he should be able to be independent.作为家中最小的孩子,亚历克斯总是渴望自己能够独立的日子。The fact that such practices remain officially unaccepted refle

11、cts how far we havent come as a society from the days when we expected every full-time worker to be supported by a full-time homemaker.此做法仍未被正式接受,这个事实反映了我们还没从期望每个全职工作者需得到全职家务料理者的支持的社会里走出来。8.where 指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词,可以用“介词+关系代词”代替。The house where/in which he lives is near the river.他住的房子在河边

12、。注意:高考对where的考查趋于复杂,先行词由“明显的地点”转为“模糊的地点”,或者说“抽象的地点”。这些名词有:stage,case,position,situation,point,occasion,activity 等。I realized that I had created a life where I was not a central figure!我意识到我创造了一种生活,在其中我并非主角。9.why 指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,可用for which来替代。why不可引导非限制性定语从句。Tell me the reason why/for which you came

13、 late.告诉我你来晚了的原因。注意:用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。【考点2-关系代词必须用that的情况】1.当先行词是everything,anything,nothing,something,all,none,few,little,some等不定代词时,或当先行词被every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等不定代词修饰时。There is an emergency shelter in Winnipeg called “Hannahs Place”,somethi

14、ng that Hannah is very proud of.在Winnipeg这个地方有个叫Hannahs Place的应急庇护所,这是Hannah为之自豪的地方。2.先行词被the only,the very,the same,the last等修饰时。This is the last place that I want to visit.这是我最不想参观的地方。3.先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。This is the best novel that I have ever read.这是我读过的最好的一部小说。4.先行词是数词或被序数词修饰时。This is the third di

15、ctionary that I have used.这是我用过的第三本字典。5.当先行词同时含有表示人和物的名词时。We talked about the things and persons that we were interested in.我们谈论了我们感兴趣的人和事。6.以who或which开头的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句,为避免重复时。Who is the man that is standing under the tree?站在树下的那个人是谁?注意:Qingdao is the most beautiful city where I have ever worked.(即使有最

16、高级修饰先行词city,但从句中work为不及物动词,先行词只做其地点状语,故要用关系副词)前面所述几种情况已有前提:需要用关系代词时,遇到这几种情况才选用that。【考点3-关系代词不能用that的情况】1.在“介词+关系代词”的结构中,关系代词只能用指物的which和指人的whom。This is the train by which we went to Beijing.这就是我们去北京乘的那列火车。2.在非限制性定语从句(即通常用逗号与主句隔开,若去掉整个句子仍能表达完整意义的定语从句)中。When the war was near,Alia was worried that the

17、fires of war would destroy the books,which are more precious to her than mountains of gold.当战争临近时,Alia担心战火会把这些图书毁掉,这些图书对她来说比金山更珍贵。3.指人时,当先行词为everybody,anybody,everyone,anyone等时,关系代词要用who,不用that。Is there anyone who can answer this question?有谁能回答这个问题?4.先行词本身是指示代词that或those时,关系代词应用which。Whats that whic

18、h she is looking at?她正在看什么?【考点4-as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别】1.位置不同。which 引导的定语从句只置于所限制的句子后;as引导的定语从句位置较灵活,也就是说as从句可置于所限制的句子前、插在句子中或放在句子后。It is a truly delightful place,which looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.它确实是一个宜人的地方。与一百年前的样子一样,有着弯弯曲曲的小径和漂亮的村

19、舍。Mike,as you know,is an honest man./Mike is an honest man,as you know./As you know,Mike is an honest man.如你所知,迈克是个诚实的人。2.先行词不同。as引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词多为一个句子;which引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词可以是一个词、一个短语或一个句子。As we all know,he is very proud.(先行词为一个句子)众所周知,他很自大。He was proud,which his brother never was.(先行词是一个词)他是自大的,而

20、他弟弟从不自大。3.意义不同。as一般译为“正如,就像”;which一般译为“这一点,这件事”。John,as you know,is my best friend.正如你所知,约翰是我最好的朋友。He has been to Paris more than ten times,which I dont believe.他已去过巴黎十多次了,这一点我不相信。4.关系不同。当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时,关系词往往只用which。Tom was late for school,which made his teacher very angry.汤姆上学迟到了,这使他老师很生气。注意:a

21、s多用于下列习惯用语中:as anybody can see正如大家能看到的那样as we had expected正如我们所预料的那样as often happens正如经常发生的那样as has been said before如之前所述as is mentioned above正如上面所提到的【考点5-“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句】1.在“介词+关系代词”结构中,关系代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that;指物时用which,不能用that;关系代词是所有格时用whose。The person to whom youll write is Mr Ball.The old man

22、 was talking with Mr Smith,in whose hospital I was operated on.2.“介词+关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词及名词、数词。He has two sons,both of whom were killed in the war.I live in a house,the window of which faces the south.3.“介词+关系代词”结构中介词的选择可根据定语从句中谓语动词和介词的习惯搭配、先行词和介词的习惯搭配来确定,有时也需要结合句

23、意。In the street there wasnt any person to whom she could turn for help.The boss in whose company my father worked is a very kind person.4.“复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句中,定语从句常和先行词用逗号分开,定语从句常用倒装语序。He lives in a big house,in front of which stands a tall apple tree.注意:在一些固定搭配的动词短语中,由于动词和介词不能分割,因此不能把介词置于关系代词

24、之前。This is the book(which/that) Im looking for.不可以说:This is the book for which Im looking.5.from where 虽为“介词+关系副词”结构,但也可引导定语从句,where往往指代前面表示具体位置的介词短语。He stood on top of the hill,from where he could see the whole village.(where指代on top of the hill,指的是“从山顶那个地方看”,而不是指“山”)【考点6-定语从句与其他句型的区别】1.定语从句与同位语从句的

25、区别。二者都跟在名词后面,区别是:定语从句修饰先行词,是对其进行修饰限定;同位语从句则是对前面名词的解释说明,是其内容。同位语从句前的名词常为抽象名词,如:idea,fact,truth,evidence,news,thought。同位语从句主要由that引导,在从句中不做成分,有时也可以由when,where,how,why,whether,what等词引导,在从句中充当成分。The news that our team won made us excited.(our team won是news的内容,that不充当从句的成分,为同位语从句。可理解为:The news was that o

26、ur team won.)The news that he told me was exciting.(he told me 缺少一个直接宾语,由that充当,故为定语从句。不能将其理解为:The news was that he told me.)2.定语从句与并列句和简单句的区别。区别的关键是看标点和连接词。Our class has sixty students,most of whom study hard.(逗号后为另一个句子,两个句子之间要用连接代词whom,为定语从句)Our class has sixty students,and most of them study hard

27、.(逗号后为另一个句子,且已经有并列连词and,故用them即可,为并列句)Our class has sixty students.Most of them study hard.(两句之间为句号,代表两个独立的简单句,故不需要连接词)3.定语从句与状语从句的区别。定语从句前面必有先行词,而状语从句(如时间状语从句和地点状语从句)则是作整个句子的状语,前面没有先行词。Do you know the time when he will come back?(定语从句,前面有先行词time)I will go shopping when he comes back.(时间状语从句,表示主句动作发

28、生的时间,前面没有先行词)Put the book where it belongs.(地点状语从句,指的是“放书”的地点,前面无先行词,因此不能用to which)Put the book in the place where it belongs.(定语从句,前面有先行词place)4.定语从句与强调句的区别。当it is/was后出现表示地点或时间的名词时,其后所接的从句是定语从句还是强调句,要看将it is/was和that(可以先假设)去掉之后句式是否完整(不缺少成分),若句式完整则为强调句。It was Sunday when he came back.(定语从句)It was o

29、n Sunday that he came back.(强调句式,强调的是时间状语on Sunday,去掉It was和that后句式完整)【考点7-特殊情况】1.当先行词为way,意为“方法、方式”,且在定语从句中作主语、宾语时,可用关系代词which或that;作状语时,要用in which 或that或不填任何关系词。The way(that/in which) he finished the task successfully was difficult to understand.(做状语)The way that/which he explained to me was not d

30、ifficult to understand.(做宾语)2.当先行词为time时,若表示“一段时间”,后面定语从句用when引导,也可用at/during which;若表示“次数”,后面定语从句用that引导,that可以省略。There was a time when we had no TV sets.This is the second time(that) the president has visited our country.【专题专练】.用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空1.She and her family bicycle to work,which helps them k

31、eep fit.2.Kate,whose sister I shared a room with when we were at college,has gone to work in Australia.3.In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme,one of whose purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.4.Self-driving is an area where China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.5.The little problems that we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.6.Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears,none of which has been proved.7.We