Information System名词解释.docx

1、Information System名词解释Chapter 1 Business Information System: An Overview Digital systems: Computers and devices that use the binary system Can represent any information as a combination of zeros and ones Problem: any undesirable situation Decision: arises when more than one solution to problem exist

2、s Data: a given or fact Can be number, statement, or picture Is the raw material in the production of information Information: facts or conclusions that have meaning within context Composed of data that has been manipulated Process: the manipulation of data Usually produces information May produce m

3、ore data System: array of components that work together to achieve goal or goals System Accepts input Processes input Produces output Subsystem: component of a larger system Closed system: has no connections with other systems Open system: interfaces and interacts with other systems Often a subsyste

4、m of a bigger system Subsystems by definition are always open Information system (IS): components that work together to process data and produce information Systems thinking: thinking of an organization in terms of subsystems Database: collection of electronic records Information map: description of

5、 data and information flow within an organization Information technology: technologies that facilitate construction and maintenance of information systems Synergy: combining resources to produce output that exceeds the sum of outputs of the separate resources by themselves Computer-based Information

6、 system: system with one or more computers at center Input: collect and introduce data to system Transaction: a business event, usually entered as input Transaction processing system (TPS): a system that records transactions Input devices include keyboards, bar code readers, voice recognition system

7、s, touch screens Data processing: perform calculations on input Output: what is produced by the information system Output devices include printers and speakers Storage: maintaining vast amounts of data Storage devices include optical discs Management Information System: a system that supports planni

8、ng, control, and making decisions Transaction processing system (TPS): most widely used type of system Records data collected at point where organization transacts business with other parties Supply chain: sequence of activities involved in producing and selling products or services Supply chain man

9、agement (SCM) systems: systems that support these activities Also known as enterprise resource planning systems An SCM is an enterprise application Customer relationship management (CRM) systems: systems for managing relations with customers Business intelligence (BI) systems: systems that glean rel

10、ationships and trends from raw data to help organization compete Often contain statistical models Access large pools of data Data warehouse: large database that usually store transactional records Decision support system (DSS): supports decision making Relies on models to produce tables Extrapolates

11、 data to predict outcomes Helps answer “What if?” questions Expert system (ES): supports knowledge-intensive decision making Uses artificial intelligence techniques Can preserve the knowledge of retiring experts Geographic information system (GIS): ties data to physical locations Functional business

12、 area: services within a company that support main business Includes accounting, finance, marketing, and human resources E-commerce: buying and selling goods and services through Internet Help desk technician: Supports end users in their daily use of IT Systems analyst: Researches, plans, and recomm

13、ends software and systems choices Responsible for developing cost analyses, design considerations, implementation timelines, and feasibility studies Database administrator (DBA): responsible for databases and data warehouses Network administrator: acquires, implements, manages, maintains, and troubl

14、eshoots networks System administrator: manages an organizations computer operating systems Webmaster: creates and maintains Web site Must be familiar with Web transaction software, payment-processing software, security software Chief security officer (CSO): supervises security of information system

15、Chief information officer (CIO): responsible for all aspects of information system Chief technology officer (CTO): has similar duties as CIOChapter 2 Strategic Uses of Information System Strategy: framework, or approach, to obtaining an advantageous position Business strategy: a plan to help an orga

16、nization outperform its competitors Often done by creating new opportunities, not beating rivals Strategic information system (SIS): an information system that helps seize opportunities Strategic advantage: using strategy to maximize company strengths Competitive advantage: having maximized an organ

17、izations strengths to beat its rivals Switching costs: expenses incurred when customer stops buying from one company and starts buying from another First mover: organization that is first to offer a new product or service Usually results in superior brand name, better technology, more experience, or

18、 critical mass Critical mass: body of clients that is large enough to attract other clients Product differentiation: persuading customers that your product is better than competitors Alliance: two companies combining services Makes product more attractive Reduces costs Provides one-stop shopping Aff

19、iliate program: linking to other companies and rewarding the linker for click-throughs Bargaining power: leverage to influence buyers and suppliers Reengineering: Eliminating and rebuilding operations from the ground up Late mover: enters the market later than other competitors Can be viewed as adva

20、ntage Implements latest available technologies Not burdened with legacy systems Bleeding edge: failure occurring because of company trying to be on leading edge No prior experience from which to learn Implementation costs are greater than anticipated Technology ends up losing money for companyChapte

21、r 3 Business Functions and Supply Chains Effectiveness: the degree to which a goal is achieved Efficiency: the relationship between resources expended and benefits gained in achieving a goal Efficiency = Benefit / Costs One system is more efficient if its operating costs are lower for the same or be

22、tter quality product Productivity: efficiency of human resources Productivity improves when fewer workers are required to achieve the same goal Productivity tools: software applications that improve productivity Customer relationship management (CRM) system: system that serves customers better and f

23、aster Balance sheet: picture of financial situation Includes profit-and-loss report Accounting information system: receives information from transaction processing systems (TPSs) Automatically routes purchases to accounts payable Automatically routes sales to accounts receivable Generates reports on

24、 demand or on schedule Work order: an authorization to perform work for a specific purpose Cost-accounting systems: accumulate data about costs involved in producing specific products Cash management systems: systems that deal specifically with cash Electronic funds transfer: electronic transfer of

25、cash from one bank account to another Time to market: time between generating an idea for a product and completing a prototype Brainstorming: process of a group of colleagues meeting and collaborating to generate creative solutions and new ideas Computer-aided design (CAD): tools to create, modify,

26、and store designs and drawings electronically Rapid prototyping: creating one-of-a-kind products to test design in three dimensions Allows a model to be produced in hours rather than days or weeks Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM): systems that instruct machines how to manufacture parts and assembl

27、e products Supply chain: consists of procurement of raw materials, processing materials into goods, and delivering goods Processing raw materials into goods is also known as manufacturing Supply chain management: monitoring, controlling, and facilitating supply chains Material requirements planning

28、(MRP): inventory control Bill of materials (BOM): list of all raw materials and subcomponent demands to produce a product Economic order quantity (EOQ): optimal quantity of a raw material that minimizes overstocking and saves cost, without missing production deadlines Manufacturing resource planning

29、 (MRP II): combines MRP with other related activities to plan the entire manufacturing process Uses master production schedule Master production schedule: specifies how production capacity is to be used to meet customer demands Just-in-time manufacturing: suppliers ship parts directly to assembly li

30、nes as needed Avoids warehousing costs Radio frequency identification (RFID): a technology containing circuitry that allows recording of information about a product Electronic product code (EPC): a code on an RIFD tag that provides more information than the universal product code (UPC) Customer rela

31、tionship management (CRM) systems: designed to support any and all relationships with customers Supports three areas Marketing Sales Customer service Market research: helps discover populations and regions that are most likely to purchase product Targeted marketing: promotes to people most likely to purchase products Spam: cheap method of advertising involving sending mass e-mail communications Telemarketing: marketing over the telephone Caller has large database of consumer data Computer telephony integration: allows computer t