1、高中英语定语从句基础知识定语从句一概念定语从句是指在句子中起定语作用、修饰句中名词或代词的从句,其中被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。定语从句一般紧跟在它修饰的先行词之后,在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫做关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词两种。定语从句就其与先行词的关系,可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句与先行词的关系十分密切,如果去掉该从句,主句意思就不能表达完整。通常情况下,朗读时中间没有停顿,从句和主句之间不用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系很松散,去掉从句,主句意思仍然清楚,从句只是作附加说明。朗读时中间一般有停顿,从句和主句之间用逗号分开。如:Yes
2、terday I met one of my friends, who seemed to be very busy.昨天我遇到了一位老朋友,他好像很忙。They want to set up a country of their own, where they can be their own masters.他们想建立自己的国家,在那儿他们可以当家作主。这里我们先讨论限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句使被修饰的词代表一个、一些或一类特定的人或事物,这种定语从句已和被修饰词构成了一个完整的意思,定语从句不能拿掉,否则剩下的主句就会失去意义,显得莫名其妙,不知所云而不能成立。二、关系代词(1)最常
3、用的关系代词是who, whom, whose, that和which。关系代词同时起了两个作用。它们可以像别的代词一样,可以代表一个名词,在定语从句中用作主语或宾语,同时,它们又起到了连词的作用,把主句和从句连接起来。如:1. Whats the name of the girl who just came in? 刚才进来的那位姑娘叫什么名字?2. Do you know the gentleman that spoke just now? 刚才发言的那位先生你认识吗?3. The train which has just left is for Xian.刚开的那列火车是开往西安的。4.
4、 He is a man whom we should learn from. 他是一个大家都应学习的人。5. You can take anything that you like. 你可以拿任何你喜欢的东西。【注】句1.2.3.中的关系代词who, that, which分别代表先行词girl, gentleman和train,同时引导了定语从句,在定语从句中做主语。句4.5.中关系代词whom和that分别代表先行词man和anything,同时引导了定语从句,在定语从句中作宾语。这些关系代词均起到了连词的作用,将主句和从句连接起来,构成了主从复合句。【注】限制性定语从句起到对被修饰词的
5、限制作用,如句1.去掉定语从句who just came in,则主句whats the name of the girl就可能使对方觉得不明所指,有了这个定语从句,就特指刚进来的那位姑娘,而不是任何一位别的姑娘。再如句4.去掉定语从句后,主句Hes a man就显得毫无意义,有了定语从句,则限定了是我们应该学习的人,是一个具有模范性质的人,而不是别的性质的人。(2)限制性定语从句,如果修饰人,一般用关系代词who, whom, whose或that。在定语从句中做主语的一般用who或that,作宾语的一般用whom, who或that,作定语并具有物主性质的用whose。如:6. I don
6、t like people who/that get angry easily. 我不喜欢容易发脾气的人。7. A scientist is a person who/that invents or discovers things. 发明或发现事物的人叫科学家。8. The students who/that had been watching started to applaud. 一直在一旁观看的学生开始鼓起掌来。9. Here is the man (whom/ who/ that) you want to see. 这就是你想见的人。10. I think one should st
7、ay faithful to the person to whom one is married.= I think one should stay faithful to the person (who/ that) one is married to.我觉得任何人应该忠诚于他所与之结婚的人。(上一句不能说to who/ that)11. Do you know the woman to whom she was talking?= Do you know the woman (who/ that) she was talking to?和她谈话的那个女人你认识吗?(上一句不说to who/
8、that)12. Shes no longer the girl (that) she was five years ago. 她已不是五年前的她了。13. This is the girl whose wallet was stolen yesterday.这就是昨天钱包被偷的女孩。14. Is there anyone in your class whose home is the northeast?你班上有家在东北的人吗?【注】在定语从句中作宾语(动词或介词宾语)的关系代词在口语中常省略不用。在书面语中,如果介词位于关系代词前面,则应用whom(不能省),而不能用who或that,如果
9、介词位于后面,则也可用who或that,但省略的情况更多些,如句9.10.11.。【注】当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时,也一般省去,如句12.。【注】句13.中的whose的意思相当于her,但不能用her,因为her没有连词的功能。句14.中whose引导的定语从句修饰anyone,而不是修饰class,用whose而不用his是为了连接主从复合句。(3)限制性定语从句如果修饰物,用关系代词that或which,作宾语时可以省去。作宾语时,如果介词位于关系代词之前,则用which(不能省去),而不用that,(关系代词that既能代人,又能代物)。如:15. Dont buy potatoe
10、s that/which are green. 不要买青土豆。16. The fish (that /which) they sell are not fresh.他们卖的鱼不新鲜。17. The tool with which he is working is called a saw.= The tool (that/ which) he is working with is called a saw.他干活用的那个工具叫锯子。(不说 with that)18. What is the question about which they are talking?= What is the
11、question (that/ which) they are talking? 他们正在讨论的是什么问题?19. Is there anything (that) I can do for you?有什么事(要我做)吗?20. All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的事都已做了。【注】当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时,绝大多数情况下都是省略的,特别是在口语中。【注】当先行词(即被修饰词)是不定代词时,关系代词用that,而不用which。正如上面所分析:who指人,在定语从句中一般做主语。Do you know the man who is speak
12、ing to your father? 你认识和你爸爸讲话的那个人吗?(定语从句修饰先行词the man,who在定语从句中作is speaking的主语)This is the stranger who helped us yesterday. 这是昨天帮助我们的那个陌生人。She is the girl who works hard at maths. 她就是那个努力学习数学的女孩。whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语。在口语或非正式文体中,whom可以省略。He is the man (whom) we just talked about.他就是我们刚才谈论的那个人。The boy (who
13、m) we met in the street yesterday is my classmate.我们昨天在大街上遇到的那个男孩是我的同学。whose既可以指人,也可以指物,在定语从句中作定语修饰它后面的名词。This is the girl whose father is a policeman.这就是那个爸爸是警察的女孩。They live in a house whose windows face south.他们住在一座窗子朝南的房子里。which指物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语。作宾语时可以省略。Physics is a subject which is very difficult
14、 to learn. 物理是一门很难学的科目。(在定语从句中做主语,不能省略)Apples are the fruit (which) she likes best. 苹果是她最喜欢的水果。that既可以指人,也可以指物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语。指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which。He is the man that lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那个人。She is the woman that we saw in the bookshop.她是我们在书店见到的那名妇女。We like programs that are very interest
15、ing.我们喜欢有趣的节目。、定语从句中宜用that,不宜用which的情况在定语从句中,which和that在指代事物时,一般可以互换使用,但并非在任何情况下都是这样,这里介绍宜用that,而不宜用which的情况。被修饰的先行词为不定代词,如all, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等。如:As we all know, all that can be done has been done. 正如我们大家所知,一切能做的事都做了。“Is there anything (that) I can do f
16、or you?” he asked me.We should do all that is useful to the people.我们应该做一切有益于人民的事。Theres nothing that can be said about it.有关这件事,已没什么可说的。Do you mean the one that was bought yesterday?你指的是昨天买的那个吗?先行词被only, any, few, little, no, all, just, very等词修饰时。如:This is the only dictionary (that) the student has. 那位学生只有这一本辞典。All the plans
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