英语完成时态语法讲解专题.docx

1、英语完成时态语法讲解专题英语完成时态语法讲解专题现在完成时态：定义：完成时（Present perfect）发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果，过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在并且有可能还会持续的动作或状态。基本结构：+have/has+动词的（V-ed） done ：主语+have/has+的过去分词（V-ed）+宾语. ：主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词（V-ed）+宾语. ：Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词（V-ed）+宾语. ：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词（V-ed）+其他）用法：（1）现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完

2、成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在，也就是说，动作发生在过去，而对现在造成的影响和结果. I have spent all of my money.(现在我没有钱花了.) Jane has laid the table.(简已经摆好了桌子) Michael has been ill.(现在仍然很虚弱) He has returned from abroad. (现在已在此地) （2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用表示）或状态（表示）常与for（+段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用. for+时

3、段 为时间 since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从以来） since+时段+ago since+从句（过去时） It is+时段+since+从句（过去时） Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998. 注：（buy,die,join,lose）不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词 come/arrive/reach/get to-be in go out-be out finish-be over open-be open die-be dead Buy-have Fall ill-be ill Co

4、me back-be back Put on -be on/wear Worry-be worried Catch a cold-have a cold 代替buy My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years. 2、用keep或have代替borrow I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days. 3、用be替代become How long has your sister been a teacher? 4、用have a col

5、d代替catch a cold Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday. 5、用wear代替put on b)用“be+”代 1、be+married代marry 2、be+ill代fall (get) ill 3、be+dead代die 4、be+asleep代fall (get) asleep 5、be+awake代wake/wake up 6、be+gone代lose,die,sell,leave 7、be+open代open 8、be closed代close/shut 9、be+missing(gone,lost)代lose

6、 c)用“be+副词”代终止性动词 1“be+on”代start,begin 2“be+up”代get up 3“be+back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to 4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等 d)用“be+介词短语”代终止性动词 1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to 2.用be in the army 代替join the army 3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to常用瞬间动词变延

7、续性动词表常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表：1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw. have been in sw./at相应的介词2. have come/gone back/returned have been back 3. have come/gone out have been out4. have become have been5. have closed / opened have been closed/opened6. have got up have been up； 7. have

8、 died have been dead；8. have left sw. have been away from . have fallen asleep/got to sleep have been asleep； 10. have finished/ended/completed have been over； 11. have married have been married；12. have started/begun to do sth. have done sth. ；13. have begun have been on14. have borrowed/bought hav

9、e kept/had 15. have lost havent had16. have put on have worn 17. have caught /get a cold have had a cold； 18. have got to know have known19. have/has gone to have been in20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the armyhave been a member of/ have been in/have been the Partys member/th

10、e league member/the soldier 用法注意：1.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，(如表示过去的） 如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非与for,since连用. 2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用 ,如already（肯定）, yet（否定，疑问）, just, before, recently,still, lately,never等: He has already obtained a scholarship. I havent seen much of him recent

11、ly (lately). We have seen that film before. Have they found the missing child yet ? 3. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用, 如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等: Have you ever been to Beijing I have never heard Bunny say anything against her. I have used this pen only three times. It is still

12、 good. George has met that gentleman on several occasions. 4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用, 如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, today, up to present, so far等: Peter has written six papers so far. Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of t

13、he atom. There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year. The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years. Up to the present everything has been successful. 5. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作. We have had four texts this semester.

14、6.现在完成时的完成用法 现在完成时的完成用法指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。 例如：He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况-灯现在不亮了。) 现在完成时完成用法的特点是动作不延续，因此，该只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、频度时间状语(如：never，ever，once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：this morning / month /year.，today等)连用。 例如： Have you

15、found your pen ？你已找到你的钢笔了吗？ 7.现在完成时的未完成用法 现在完成时的未完成用法指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。 例如：He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。) I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。) 此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的(由since或for引导)，或表示与现在时刻相连的

16、时间状语(如：up to now，so far)等。 例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。 注意：(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。 8.一段时间+has passed+since从句 9. 现在完成时常和短语 up to now /till now, so far (意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在.) Up to/till now hes read many

17、story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。 Ive been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到去过三次。 10 has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别 gone:去了没回 been to :去过 been in：呆了很久 10.不能与when连用过去完成时态：定义：)表示发生在过去的动作对过去晚些时候造成的影响或结果过去某一动作一直持续到过去晚些时候将来可能还要延续。发生在前的那个动作【过去的过去】基本结构：+had+vpp.(done) ：主语+had+过去分词. ：主语+had+not+

18、过去分词. ：Had+主语+过去分词? 肯定回答：Yes,主语+had. 否定回答：No,主语+had not . ：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（Had+主语+过去分词）？ 被动语态：主语+had（hadnt)+been+过去分词用法：（1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。 例如： By nine oclock last night, we had gotten 200 pictures from the spaceship

19、. 到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。 （2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的连用。 例如： I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。 He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。 （3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。 例

20、如： Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。 I didnt know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson. 我对一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。 （4）在含有的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。 例如： I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已归还了我借的书。 She found the key that she h

21、ad lost. 她丢失的钥匙找到了。 （5）过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的（或）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。 例如： He said that he had known her well. 他说他很熟悉她。 I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。 （6） ：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用。 如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引导的 例如： Whe

22、n I woke up, it had already stopped raining. 我醒来时雨已停了。 She didnt go to bed until she had finished her work. 她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。 注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的中，因为 这 时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。 例如： After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. 马克思到达之

23、后，努力提高他的英语水平。 （7）动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。 例如： They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. 他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。 We had hoped to be able to come and see you . 我们本来希望能来看看你。 （8）过去完成时还可用在hardlywhen, no soonerthan, It was the first (second, etc) ti

24、me (that)等固定中。 例如：Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。 No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他刚到就又走了。 It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. 这是他那一年第三次失业了。 时间状语 before,when,after,by+,until, once,had no soonerthan，yet，alread

25、y等。 过去完成时与现在完成时的区别：现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，以现在的时间为基点，但侧重对现在产生的或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，以过去时间为基点，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。 比较：I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词

26、。 Im sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。 Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.没什么，我只等了几分钟。（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在）将来完成时：定义：将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用，也可与before或by the time引导的时的从句连用。基本结构：will/shall+have+过去分词用于第一人称，will+have+过去分词用于其他人称。 用法：表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作，并

27、往往对将来某一时间产生影响。 We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term. 到这个学期末，我们将学完12个单元。 By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom. 你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。 表示推测，相当于must have done结构。 You will have heard of this, I guess. 我想你已经听说过这件事了。 I am sure he will have got the informat

28、ion. 我相信他一定得到了这个信息 .表示某种状态一直持续到说话人所提及的时间 we will have been married a year on june 25th 到6月25日我们俩结婚就满1年了现在完成进行时：定义：1.表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。2.表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。基本结构：I / we / they have been + 动词的 He / she / it has been + 动词的现在分词用法：（一）表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。 The Chinese have been making p

29、aper for two thousand years. 有2000年的造纸历史。（动作还将继续下去） I have been learning English since three years ago. 自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。 （动作还将继续下去）I study for Engilsh since 10 years ago. （二）表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。 We have been waiting for you for half an hour. 我们已经等你半个钟头了(人还没到，如同在电话里说的，还会继续等) （三）有些现在完成进行时的句子等同于的句子。 The

30、y have been living in this city for ten years. They have lived in this city for ten years. 他们在这个城市已经住了10年了。 I have been working here for five years. I have worked here for five years. 我在这里已经工作五年了。 （四）大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子。 I have been writing a book.（动作还将继续下去） 我一直在写一本书。 I have written a book.（动作已经完成） 我已经写了一本书。 They have been building a bridge. 他们一直在造一座桥。 They have built a bridge.