英语专八人文知识背诵资料汇总.docx

1、英语专八人文知识背诵资料汇总Ge o GeographyGreat BritainAmericaCanadaAustraliaNew ZealandmountainBen Nevis(Highestmountain)Scafell(highest peak)The Pennies(mountain chain)Rocky Mountains(backbone or continental divide)The great central plainThe Appalachian mountainsMount Logan(highest peak)Mount cook(highest peak)

2、Mount ruapehu(highest hill in north island)riverSevern River(longest)Thames River(most important)the Mississippi river(father of waters, old man river)Ohio river(American Ruhr)St. Lawrence(most important)the Mackenzie(longest)The Murray river(longest and Biggest)Lake Taupo(largest)lakesLough Neigh(l

3、argest)Loch Lomond(largest in Scot)Windermere(largest in England)Lake Vyrnwy(largest in Wales)The great lakeslake Michigan: entirely in USothers: Superior, Huron, Erie, OntarioGreat bear lake(largest)Great slave lake(deepest)The great lakesLake Eyre(largest)The Clutha river(largest in southWaikato r

4、iver and Wanganui river(largest in north)climateMaritime typeReasons: surrounding watersThe prevailing southeast windsThe North Atlantic DriftNortheastern: humid continental climateSoutheastern: humid subtropical climateThe great plains: continentalSteppe climateIntermountain: continentalDesert clim

5、atePacific northwest: maritimeclimateMainly: temperate continental climateThe north: polar climateThe west: TemperateMaritime ClimateDesert or semiaridPlants: Eucalypts, wattlesAnimals: kangaroos, emus,budgerigarsFrom cool temperate to warm temperate(Januarywarmest, Julycoldest)Christchurchthe dries

6、t cityAucklandthe wettest cityReasons: its latitude zoneOceanic environmentMountains especially the southern AlpsEthnic groupsFirst settlers:the IberiansTheEnglish(mainly) :Anglo-SaxonThe Scottish, the welsh, theIrish, the north Irish:CeltsOriginal habitant s：IndianImmigrants from all over the world

7、(mainly from EuropeOriginal habitant s:the Eskimos or Inuit and IndiansImmigrations(mainly descendant of Britain and France)First inhabitants: indigenousAustraliansImmigration(mainly fromBritain)First inhabitants: Maori(10%)Immigration: all around the worldcitiesLondon(capital,largest city,largest p

8、ort)Birmingham(second largest)Edinburgh(capital of Scotland)Cardiff(capital of Wales)Belfast(capital of northern Ireland)Glasgow(third largest,largest city and port in Scotland)Manchester(center of textile)Washington D.C.(capital)New York(biggest city and port, the big apple, Gotham,The city that ne

9、ver sleeps,the capital of the world, theEmpire city)Boston(美国雅典)Los Angeles（加州最大城市，second largest）Chicago（third largest city，Called the second city, the windy city)San Francisco(西海岸门户)Quebec(largest province, French culture)Toronto(largest)Montreal(second)Vancouver(third)Ottawa(capital)Canberra（capi

10、tal）Sydney（largest）Melbourne(second, culturalAnd sports center)States:New south wales（oldest,Largest population)Western Australia(biggest State)Tasmania(smallest state)Wellington（capital）Auckland（largest） HistoryGreat BritainAmericaCanadaAustraliaNew ZealandIn 700BC,The Celts came into Britain1600-1

11、900Pre-Columbian periodThe continent was foundedBy an Italian explorer johnCabotWilliam Dampier was the first English man to reachAustralia and James cook finally put it on the mapThe first Englishman to this country was captain James Cook（55BC-410AD）In 55BC,JuliusCaesar attackedBut failedIn 43AD,Cl

12、audius conquered the country without Scotland1492,ChristopherColumbusFound the new continent1607,first colony was foundedAt Jamestown, VirginiaIn 1608,Samuel de ChamplainEstablished the habitation in Quebec cityOn January 1th,1901,the commonwealth of Australia came into being,the first minister was

13、Edmund BartonIn 1840,the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between William Hobson and various Maori chiefs, which brought the country into the Britain Empire and gave Maori the same rights（446-871）The angles, Saxons and jutes came to BritainIn 1776,the colonies proclaimThe independence and the Declarati

14、on of independenceWas draftedAfter the seven years war,The French were forced to give the Canada to Britain1916,Anzac Day(澳新军团节) was Australias most important holidayIn 1865,the capital Wallington was settledIn 1066，The Norman conquest built the Feudal system in England Introduced ChristianityIn 178

15、3,the treaty of PariesRecognized the USA 1789,the government was set The Quebec act of 1774 granted the people of QuebecRights as FrenchCanadians1950-1966，there was a boom in economic growth under menziess ruleIn 1893,New Zealand became the first country to give woman the Right to voteIn 1215,The gr

16、eat chartera limitation Of the power of the king1861-1865,the civil war and Lincoln declared EmancipationProclamation, in 1865,the Thirteenth Amendment banned slaveryIn 1867,three colonies-QuebecNew Brunswick and nova scotia joined in a confederation by theBritish North America ActIn 1972,gough Whit

17、lamestablished relationshipWith ChinaIn 1216,The summon of the great Council later developed into The house of lords and theHouse of commonsUS joint the world war in April1917In 1931,Canadabecame a member of the commonwealthOf nations(1337-1453)The hundred years war with France(reduced labor largely

18、)In 1920s,America enjoyed a period of unbalanced prosperity-material success but spiritual frustration or confusionIn 1949,newfoundland becameCanadas tenth province(1455-1485)The war of rosesLancaster-red roseYork-white roseHenry Tudor won the battleIn 1920s,America experiencedThe great depression a

19、nd franklin Roosevelts New Deal(1642-1651)The civil warsCharles（support from northAnd west)The parliament(southeast)Charles was executed in 1649In 1660,The restorationKing Charles 2nd return from France)In 1941,japan attack the pearlHarbor and the next day USA joint the second world wara date which

20、will live in infamyIn 1688,The glorious revolutionWilliam of orange and Mary passed Bill of Rights1707 The Act of Union united England and ScotlandIn 1949,the north Atlantic treaty was signed-military alliance(1780-1830)The industrial revolution1950-1975,the Vietnam war,The policy of containment bad

21、ly influence the country(1830-1848)The chartist movement The parliament passed The Peoples Charter1945-1989,the cold war between America and the soviet union-the Korean war and the Cuban missile crisis PoliticsGreat BritainAmericaCanadaAustraliaNew ZealandThe state systemConstitutional monarchyEstab

22、lished on the basis of three main principles:Federalism, the separation of Powers(checks and balance) and respect for the constitution(oldest in the world) and the rule of law名义上是constitutional Monarchy实际上是Parliamentary democracyThe head of state: Elizabeth 2thThe viceroy(总督)Prime ministerFederation

23、The head: the queen of UKIt consists of the federal parliament, six stateParliaments and governments, about 900 local governments and six state governorsA sovereign independentState, with a parliamentaryGovernment and a Constitutional monarchyHead: queen Elizabeth 2thExecutive powerUK government, pr

24、ime minister is the head of government and 20 ministers make up the cabinetPresident is elected to a 4 year Term with only two termsThe governor general is appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister usually for 5-year termThe cabinetThe government is formed byThe party that holds a

25、 majority of seatsThe governor general is appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister usually for 5-year termThe cabinetLegislative powerThe government and the two chambers of parliamentThe house of representatives(2-year term with 435 members) And the senate(6- year term with 100 m

26、embers)Judiciary Independent of the above two, Britain had no written constitutions and the constitution consists of state law, the common laws and conventionsThe supreme court(created by the constitution,1chief justiceAnd 8 associate justices)Federal courts of appeal(11)Federal district(91)Supreme

27、court(1 chief justice and 8 puisne justice until the age of 75)Province courtNative courtIt is independent of the governmentparliamentThe supreme legislative body, it consists of the sovereign, the house of lords(temporal and spiritual) and the house of commons(651 members and election held every 5

28、years)The monarch, the senate(105 members until the age of 75) and The house of commons(308 members, less than 5 years)The house of representatives(150 members for 3-year term) and the senate(76 members for 6-year term)Election take place every 3 yearsHas only one chamber-The house of representative

29、s(120 members and elected for 3yearspartiesMain partiesConservative partyLabor partyThe liberal democrats(Third largest party)The democratic partyThe republican partyThe liberal partyThe progressive conservative partyAustralian labor partyLiberal party of AustraliaNational party of AustraliaThe nati

30、onal party(center-Right conservative)The labor party(center-leftProgressive)EconomyGreat BritainAmericaCanadaAustraliaNew ZealandPrimary industriesAgriculture:2% populationManage 70% landThe best land is in theSoutheastMain crops: wheat, barleyFishingMining: coalProduce 1/4 of world grain and sell 1/2 of the grainProduce 50% of the corn in the world(Midwest, Iowa)Biggest producer and user of Tobacco in the worldOne of the worlds largestSupplier of agricultural productsMainly produce Wheat Natural resources mainly export to Japan, Chi