国际企业管理文化战略与行为 期末重点复习.docx

1、国际企业管理文化战略与行为 期末重点复习Chapter 1 Management: process of completing activities efficiently and effectively with and through other people.Globalization: the process of social, political, economic, cultural, and technological integration among countries around the world.NAFTA: North American Free Trade Ag

2、reement.FTAA: Free Trade Agreement of the Americas.FDI: foreign direct investment Global economic systems:1.Market economy 2.Command economy 3.Mixed economyCHAPTER 2Ideologies:1.Individualism: the political philosophy that people should be free to pursue economic and political endeavors without cons

3、traint.2.Collectivism: the political philosophy that views the needs or goals of society as a whole as more important than individual desires.3.Socialism: a moderate form of collectivism in which there is government ownership of institutions, and profit is not the ultimate goal.Legal and regulatory

4、environmentThere are three foundations on which laws are based around the world. Briefly summarized, these are:1.Islamic law: law that is derived from interpretation of the Quran and the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad and is found in most Islamic countries.2.Common law: law that derives from Engl

5、ish law and is the foundations of legislation in the United States, Canada, and England, among other nations.3.Civil or code law: law that is derived from Roman law and is found in the non-Islamic and nonsocialist countries. The law China used is civil or code law.Basic principles of international l

6、aw:1.Sovereignty and sovereign immunity: principle of sovereignty: an international principle of law which holds that governments have the right to rule themselves as they see fit.2.International jurisdiction: which includes nationality principle, territoriality principle, protective principle.Natio

7、nality principle: a jurisdictional principle of international law which holds that every country has jurisdiction over its citizens no matter where they are located.Territoriality principle: a principle which holds that every nation has the right of jurisdiction within its legal territory.Protective

8、 principle: a jurisdictional principle of law which holds that every country has jurisdiction over behavior that adversely affects its national security, even if the conduct occurred outside that country.3.Doctrine of comity: a jurisdictional principle of law which holds that there must be mutual re

9、spect for the laws, institutions, and governments of other countries in the matter of jurisdiction over their own citizens.4.Act of state doctrine: a principle which holds that all acts of other governments are considered to be valid by U.S. counts, even if such acts are illegal or inappropriate und

10、er U.S. law.5.Treatment and rights of aliens: countries have the legal right to refuse admission of foreign citizens and to impose special restrictions on their conduct, their right of travel, where they can stay, and what business they may conduct.6.Forum for hearing and settling disputes: this is

11、a principle of U.S. as it applies t international law. U.S. courts can dismiss cases brought before them by foreigners.Examples of legal and regulatory issues:1.Financial services regulation.2.Foreign corrupt practices act (FCPA): an act that makes it illegal to influence foreign officials through p

12、ersonal payment or political contributions.3.BureaucratizationChapter 4Culture: acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and generate social behavior. This knowledge forms values, creates attitudes, and influences behavior.Characteristics of culture:1.Learned. Culture is not inheri

13、ted or biologically based; it is acquired by learning and experience.2.Shared: people as members of q group, organization, or society share culture; it is not specific to single individuals.3.Transgenerational: culture is cumulative, passed down from one generation to the next.4.Symbolic: culture is

14、 based on the human capacity to symbolize or use one thing to represent another.5.Patterned: culture has structure and is integrated; a change in one part will bring changes in another.6.Adaptive: Culture is based on the human capacity to change or adapt, as opposed to the more genetically driven ad

15、aptive process of animals.Cultural diversityIn overall terms, the cultural impact on international management is reflected by basic beliefs and behaviors. Here are some specific examples where the culture of a society can directly affect management approaches:1.Centralized vs. decentralized2.Safety

16、vs. risk3.Individual vs. group4.Informal vs. formal5.High vs. low organizational loyalty6.Cooperation vs. competition 7.Stability vs. innovation The model of culture:There are three layers of culture:1.The implicit, basic, assumptions that guide peoples behavior;2.The norms and values that guide the

17、 society;3.The explicit artifacts and products of the society.Values in cultureValues: basic convictions that people have regarding what is right and wrong, good and bad, important and unimportant.Hofstedes cultural dimensions:1.Power distance: the extent to which less powerful members of institutio

18、ns and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally.Lower-power-distance: generally be decentralized and have flatter organization structure;High-power-distance: have a large proportion of supervisory personnel, centralized and have a thinner structure.2.Uncertainty avoidance: the extent

19、 to which people feel threatened by ambiguous situations and have created beliefs and institution that try to avoid these.High-uncertainty-avoidance: have a great deal of structuring of organizational activities, more written rules, less risk taking by managers, lower labor turnover, and less ambiti

20、ous employees.Low-uncertainty-avoidance: less structuring of activities, fewer written rules, more risk taking by managers, higher labor turnover, and ambitious employees.3.Individualism; the tendency of people to look after themselves and their immediate family only.Hofstede found that wealthy coun

21、tries have higher individualism scores and poorer countries and regions higher collectivism.4.Masculinity: a cultural characteristic in which the dominant values in society are success, money, and things.Femininity: a cultural characteristic in which the dominant values in society are caring for oth

22、ers and the quality of life.5.Time orientation: present vs. future6.Indulgence restraintTrompenaars cultural dimensions 1.universalism vs. particularismuniversalism: the belief that ideas and practices can be applied everywhere in the world without modification.Particularism: the belief that circums

23、tance dictate how ideas and practices should be applied and that something cannot be done the same everywhere.2.Individualism vs. communitarianismCommunitarianism: refers to people regarding themselves as part of a group.3.Neutral vs. emotional:Neutral culture: culture which emotions are held in che

24、ck.Emotional culture: culture in which emotions are expressed openly and naturally.4.Specific vs. diffuse:Specific culture: culture which individuals have a large public space they readily share with others and a small private space they guard closely and share with only close friends and associates

25、.Diffuse culture: culture which public space and private space are similar in size and individuals guard their public space carefully, because entry into public space affords entry into private space as well.5.Achievement vs. ascription:Achievement culture; culture which people are accorded status b

26、ased on how well they perform their functions.Ascription culture: culture which status is attributed based on who or what a person is.6.Time: present vs. future.7.The environment: inner-directed environment vs. outer-directed environment.8.Cultural patterns or clusters.Globes cultural dimensions:1.U

27、ncertainty avoidance2.Power distance3.Societal collectivism4.In-group collectivism5.Gender egalitarianism6.Assertiveness7.Future orientation8.Performance orientation9.Human orientationChapter 6Organizational culture: shared values and beliefs that enable members to understand their soles in and the

28、norms of the organization.Characteristic:1.Observed behavioral regularities2.Norms3.Dominant values4.Philosophy5.Rules 6.Organizational climateDimensions of corporate culture:1.Motivation: activities vs. outputs2.Relationship: job vs. person3.Identity: corporate vs. professional4.Communication: open

29、 vs. closed5.Control: tight vs. loose6.Conduct: conventional vs. pragmaticFour steps that are used in the process of mergers or acquisition:1.The two groups have to establish the purpose, goal, and focus on their merger;2.Develop mechanism to identify the most important organizational structure and

30、management roles;3.Determine who has the authority over the resources need for getting things done.4.Identify the expectations of all involved parties and facilitate communication between both departments.Three aspects of organizational functioning that seem to be especially important in determining

31、 MNC organizational culture:1.The general relationship between the employees and their organization;2.The hierarchical system of authority that defines the roles of manager and subordinates;3.The general views that employees hold about the MNCS purpose, destiny, goals, and their place in them.Four t

32、ypes of organizational culture:1.Family culture: culture that is characterized by a strong emphasis on hierarchy and orientation to the person;2.Eiffel Tower culture: culture that is characterized by strong emphasis on hierarchy and orientation to the task;3.Guided missile culture: culture that is characterized by strong emphasis on quality in the workplace and orientation to the task;4.Incubator culture: cu