英语考前串讲资料.docx

1、英语考前串讲资料2008年10月考前串讲资料语法主要考哪些项目？英语（二）最常考的语法项目包括：动词时态和语态、非谓语动词、虚拟语气、定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句、比较级、语序、主谓一致、强调句、基本句型。* 最常考的时态：现在完成时、过去完成时、过去时、一般现在时和将来完成时。* 最常考的非谓语动词：独立结构、动名词作某些动词的宾语、非谓语动词作定语和状语。* 最常考的虚拟语气：与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的从句和主句。* 最常考的定语从句：where 引导的定语从句、名词/代词+ of + which引导的定语从句。* 名词性从句：what, whether 引导的主语或宾语从句、that

2、引导的同位语从句。* 状语从句：now that, in that, in case, as, while 引导的状语从句。哪些词最有可能考单词拼写？严格来说，只要是考纲中包括的词都有可能出现在单词拼写大题中，但是从历年考题可以看出，某些词的命中率要高于其它词，有些词甚至反复考过，这说明考生在背单词的时候还是可以在全面覆盖的基础之上突出重点、提高效率的。在这里我们不可能一一罗列重要的词汇，下面是我总结的英语（二）常考单词的特点：* 绝大部分是长度在5-8个字母之间的中等难度的词，如：victim, gesture等；* 拼写和读音不完全对称的词，如：dumb, subtle等。* 个别非常简单

3、、但课文中不是很常见的名词，如：tube。* 从词性上来看，最常考的依次是名词、形容词、动词、和副词。在复习这些单词时，一定要以考试大纲为准，而不能只背教材后面的生词表。一方面，教材后面的生词表中包含了不少超刚词，完全不会考到；另一方面，对英语（二）来说，从下册教材生词表中出的单词只占三分之一，不可能涵盖所有要考的内容。同样在复习时一定要讲究准确性，确保背一个记准一个，而不能只是记个大概，最后写出来每个都差不多但每个都有错。 复习建议 针对上述预测，我们如何制定冲刺阶段的复习计划呢？下面是我推荐的三步复习法。 1第一步，应该抽出半个月到二十天的时间，把书上可能考到的内容好好地总结一下。课文中涉

4、及的重要的语法现象，如带虚拟语气、独立主格的句子，接动名词作宾语的动词，倒装句，强调句，what, that, whether引导的从句等，最好都分类摘抄下来。2做完整理工作后，应该进入下一步，即通过一定量的模拟训练来熟悉考试题型、提高实战能力。模拟训练应注意以下几点：（1） 做题时，一定要独立完成。不管做题的过程多么困难，都要硬着头皮去做，只有这样才能在考场上发挥自如。（2）保持一定的频率也很重要。至少一周应该完成两套题，否则达不到强化的效果。（3）及时总结。如果做完几套题后反复出现同样的错误，一定要请老师对相关内容作详细的讲解，并针对性地多做巩固练习，直到问题得到真正的解决。（4）做完十套

5、左右的模拟题后，应该再做几套最近几年的真题。这时你可以对自己的实际水平有一个比较准确的估计。哪些方面是你的长处，哪些方面还存在薄弱环节，并利用最后一两周的时间来进行弥补。（5）除了做题，这三个月期间应该天天坚持的是背单词。每天抽出半个小时至一个小时，把大纲词汇包括后面的词组至少从头至尾完整地过一遍，有可能考拼写的重点单词要动笔抄写，常用活用的词要记搭配，容易混淆的词放在一起进行比较。3最后一周的总复习。考试前的最后一周应该再来一次全面的总复习。复习内容包括第一步中抄下来的课文中的重点句子、第二步作题时纪录下来的常出错的语法项，重点的单词，和总结出来的答题技巧。如果还有时间，也可以把最后做过的真

6、题再做一遍。相信经过精心的计划和充分的准备，此刻的你一定成竹在胸，胜券在握了。2、重点语法知识讲解1动词的时态和语态 动词的时态和语态一览表时态语态 一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时 主动被动 do are done did were done will do will be done 现在进行时 过去进行时 将来进行时 主动被动 are doing are being done were doing were being done will be doing 现在完成时 过去完成时 将来完成时 主动 被动 have done have been done had done had been

7、 done will have done will have been done 现在完成进行时 主动 被动 have been doing 11 现在完成时发生在过去的动作一直持续到现在，或对现在仍有影响。现在完成时的标志： so far， by now/ up to now，for three years， since 1995， in the past two decades1.2 过去完成时过去的过去。1）said, reported, thought 等引导的间接引语中。He missed the train.He said he had missed the train. 2）ha

8、rdlywhen, no sooner than句型中表示先发生的动作 No sooner had he got up than he received the call. 3）与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中 If I had tried harder, I would have won. I wish I had done better in the exam.1.3 完成进行时 从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。汉语提示语：一直The water has been running the whole night. 1.4 过去时过去某一具体时间发生的事，不考虑与现在的关系。过去时的标志：yest

9、erday， in 1995， last week，in the nineteenth century，five years ago 等等。2非谓语动词 2.1 非谓语动词一览表非谓语动词 形式 意义 现在分词 一 般 式 doing 主动 , 正在进行 被 动 式 being done 被动 , 正在进行 完成主动式 having done 主动 , 已经完成 完成被动式 having been done 被动 , 已经完成 过去分词 done 被动 , 已经完成 动词不定式 一 般 式 to do 主动 , 将要进行 被 动 式 to be done 被动 , 将要进行 完成主动式 to

10、have done 主动 , 已经完成 进行主动式 to be doing 主动 , 正在进行 2.2. 非谓语动词作状语动词不定式：1）目的状语；2）结果状语I came here to meet you. （目的）He hurried to the rail station only to miss the train. （结果）分词：1) 伴随状语；2）原因状语；3）条件状语 4）让步状语；5）时间状语Walking along the street, he met his old friend. （时间）Being very tired, my father didnt go out

11、with us. （原因）Made by hand, the silk shirt is very expensive. （原因）Seen from the space, the earth looks like a blue ball. (条件)2.3 非谓语动词，状语从句和独立结构1) Having done their homework, the children began to play. (分词作状语)2) After having done their homework, the children began to play. （连词+分词）3) After they had d

12、one their homework, the children began to play. （状语从句）4) With homework done, the children began to play. （独立结构）2.4 非谓语动词作定语1) If there is no choice, there is no decision _ (make). (to be made) 2) Do you know the man _ ( stand) in front of the house? (standing) 3) The question _ (discuss) at the mome

13、nt is very important. (being discussed) 4) The bridge _ (build) in the 1950s is still in good condition. (built) 2.5 动名词和动词不定式作主语和表语动名词作主语/表语表示一般、抽象的情况；动词不定时作主语表示具体某次的情况。Rising early is good for health. To rise early tomorrow is difficult for me. It is difficult for me to rise early tomorrow.My bigg

14、est wish is to go abroad. Seeing is believing. 作宾语接动名词作宾语的动词：admit, acknowledge, avoid, appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, forgive, finish, include, involve, mind, put off, postpone, suggest, feel like, look forward to, be used to, be accustomed to, etc. 接动词不定式作宾语的动词：want, tend, int

15、end, pretend, hope, plan, expect, be supposed to, seem, be likely to, used to, be willing to, desire, force, prefer, start, begin 接动名词和动词不定式有不同含义的动词：1) forget, remember, regret2) stop, continue3) need/ want 4) allow doing/ allow sb to do (1) How can I forget meeting you for the first time?Sorry, I f

16、orgot to lock the door.(2) I cant stop laughing. Can you stop to give me a hand? (3) The grass needs cutting. The grass needs to be cut. (4) We dont allow smoking here. You are not allowed to smoke here. 3虚拟语气 第一大类：非真实条件下的虚拟语气时间 从句 主句 与现在事实相反 did/ were should/could/would + do 与过去事实相反 had done should

17、/could/would + have done 与将来事实相反 were to do should do should/could/would + do If I were you, I would be happy to do it. If we had got the news, we could have prepared earlier. If the job were to succeed, you should work harder. 第二大类：从句中用过去时或过去完成时的虚拟语气1) would rather + 从句2) wish + 从句3) if only + 从句4)

18、 as if/ as though + 从句5) Its time + 从句I would rather you didnt tell me the story now. I would rather you had told me the story yesterday. 第三大类：从句中用should加动词原形的虚拟语气，其中should可省略。1) suggest, propose, advise, move(动议), ask, order, require, request, desire, insist, prefer 等动词后接的宾语从句；2) suggestion, propos

19、al, advice, motion, order, requirement, request, desire, preference等名词后的同位语从句； 3) important, necessary, essential, imperative, desirable, advisable, preferable 等形容词用在it is that句型中；4) lest, in case, for fear that 等引导的从句中。It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.It is my suggestion that th

20、e meeting (should) be put off. It is necessary that the meeting (should) be put off. He came to the office earlier lest he (should) miss the important meeting. 4定语从句和名词性从句 4.1 定语从句：限制性和非限制性定语从句引导定语从句1）关系代词(在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语）：which, that, who, whom, whose2）关系副词（在定语从句中作状语）：when, where, why, how 名词性从句：主语

21、从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句引导名词性从句：1）主从连词（不在从句中作任何成分）：that, whether, if 2）连接代词（在从句中作主语、宾语、表语）：what, which, who, whom, whose, whatever, whoever3）连接副词（在从句中作状语）：when, where, why, how4.2 定语从句和同位语从句的区别定语从句对名词进行修饰限制，而同位语从句阐述的是名词的具体内容。从语法上看，that, which在定语从句中做主语或宾语，而同位语的引导词that不在从句中担任任何成分。1) The story (that) he told

22、 me may not be true. 定语从句2) The story that he has made a fortune may not be true. 同位语从句4.3 什么时候用介词which 的形式?如果定语从句缺主语或宾语，用that/ which 形式。如果定语从句缺状语，用介词+which形式。1) The place which I visited last week is very beautiful. 2) The place in which I used to live is very beautiful. 4.4 which 和 as 引导非限制性定语从句wh

23、ich 和 as 都能引导非限制性定语从句，修饰整个一句话。as有“正如”的意思，而which没有。1) He is easy to get angry, which is well known. 他很容易生气，这一点大家都知道。2) He is easy to get angry, as everybody knows. 正如大家都知道的那样，他很容易生气。2.1 强化练习1动词时态强化练习1. I was hired(hire) by a Saudi diplomat directly from the Philippines to work in London in 1989.解析：过去

24、时的被动语态， 标志语：1989。2. However, many people doubt whether this will reduce (reduce) the incidence of abuse.解析：一般将来时，表示会减少的意思。3. Up to that time, the blues had been(be) an essentially black medium.解析：过去完成时，标志语：up to that time，表示过去的过去。4. Of these 20,000, just under 2000 are beingphysically, sexually and

25、psychologically abused(abuse).解析：现在进行时的被动。5. If you do not(not, control) it, it will control you.解析：一般现在时。主讲从现：主句用将来时，但是时间状语、条件状语和让步状语从句中用现在时。6. You will enjoy your fun time more after you have completed(complete) your study responsibilities.解析：现在完成时，表示已经完成。7. Maintaining a healthy self-esteem is(be

26、) a challenge that continues throughout life.解析：一般现在时，动名词做主语，谓语动词用单数。8. The second half of the nineteenth century witnessed(witness) the first extended translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi.解析：一般过去时，标志语：the second half of the nineteenth century。9. All the worries they might have f

27、elt for him were driven(drive) off by the sight of his cheerful face.解析：一般过去时的被动10. Attempts to break up this old system have been made (make) in every presidential election in the past one hundred years.解析：现在完成时的被动，标志语：in the past one hundred years。2非谓语动词强化练习1. The mother didnt know who to blame(bl

28、ame) for the broken glass.解析：who+动词不定式做know的宾语2. The children brought(bring) up in this way tend to be healthier.解析：过去分词作定语，表被动。3. It reminded the president to keep the campaign focused(focus) on the economy.解析：过去分词做宾补。4. Putting(put) food into an empty stomach helps synchronize the body clock.解析：动名

29、词作主语。5. It seems reasonable to assume that, other things being(be) equal, they would prefer single to shared rooms.解析：现在分词用在独立结构中6. This poem, if translated(translate) word for word into Chinese, will make no sense.解析：连词加过去分词作状语7. They may have their passports removed(remove), making leaving or “esc

30、aping” actually impossible.解析：过去分词作宾补8. Her body, with hands and feet bound(bind), was discovered by a traveler early in the morning.解析：过去分词用在独立结构中9. I couldnt help but feel(feel) this is a very strange life.解析：couldnt help but 后接动词原形10. Let us consider the earth as a planet revolving(revolve) round the sun.解析：现在分词作定语3虚拟